[Image]  [Hi-Res Image]

Page 24

Catholic faith in Spain. Hand in hand with this was the work of the new monastic orders, especially the Dominicans, who spread rapidly and gained in influence from 1215, obtaining in 1233 the administration of the Inquisition (q.v.), introduced in 1215. This institution attained a more definite organization in Spain than elsewhere. By agreement in 1483, the king was authorized to nominate to the pope the grand inquisitor, and the court of first instance of this institution was subordinated to the royal supreme court. The Inquisition operated first against the spiritual remnants of Moorish Islam; then against those of the Jews after the act of expulsion in the sixteenth century; and, finally, after a brief restraint, against the incoming Evangelical movement. The autos da ft of such as were accused of heresy and executions by garroting occurred frequently, and at not a few places; for not only had a number of Evangelical congregations organized themselves, but also very resolute martyrs died for the cause. By the close of the century, the Roman Catholic Church had been completely reestablished, not without bloodshed. Such ecclesiastical disturbances as arose until after 1850 consisted in the occasional opposition of kings and governments to the popes' excessive claims of independence and the power of the Jesuits: for example, the king's acquisition, from 1757, of the right to nominate bishops; the expulsion of the Jesuits, in 1767; retrenchments on ecclesiastical property, from 1789, after the number of the clergy had been fixed in 1768 at 149,800 in a given population of 9,307,000 souls. In 1808, under Napoleon's king, Joseph, many larger cloisters were abolished; and in 1835, the smaller ones were likewise closed. In 1859, the Church relinquished all its real possessions, and these were afterward awarded to the separate congregations. In the way of compensation, the State guaranteed the maintenance of public worship and the clergy; and the pope obtained the right to nominate a spiritual dignitary in every diocese.

By the concordat of 1881, the hierarchical apportionment of the country provided seven metropolitan districts and thirty-eight bishoprics as follows: Burgos, with six suffragans; Santiago de Compostella, with five; Granada, with five; Saragossa, with seven; Toledo, with four (including Madrid); Valencia, with five; and Valladolid, with six episcopal sees. In addition, the abbot who has jurisdiction over the provinces of the orders of knighthood, who has residence at Ciudad Real, has episcopal rank. There are 2,200 parishes divided into two classes. A new Evangelical movement arose in Spain in 1855 through the Spaniard Francisco de Paula Ruet (q.v.), who, returning from Italy, where the Waldensian preaching was being eagerly received, published the Evangelical faith in Barcelona. The cause was further promoted by a man of spiritual force, Matamoros. However, imprisonment and exile were used against the movement until after the end of Bourbon rule in 1868. From that time, and after the return of the Bourbons in 1874, not a little has been done through the efforts of Evangelical associations and circles in Great Britain, Switzerland, and the German states

of the Rhine toward creating an Evangelical fellowship composed of native Spanish. Most successful was the Rhenish Pastor Fliedner, in Madrid. There is, however, no Spanish Evangelical Church as such, but there are four separate ones. What is known as the Iglesia Espafia Reformatoria was organized by the Anglican Spanish Church Aid Society; and is, accordingly, High-church in its order and worship. It comprises eleven congregations and is directed by a bishop. The Methodists and the Baptists, together with the Plymouth Brethren, have a smaller scattering of congregations and members. The strongest Protestant body is the Iglesia Evangelica Espana, as founded by Fliedner and continued by one of his sons. This has twenty-one distinct congregations, and thirty-six preaching-stations. The supreme government is vested in an annual synod. The total number of Spanish Protestants is estimated at 13,000 to 14,000. Also the Germans have two Evangelical congregations in Spain; one in Madrid, and a stronger one in Barcelona, with two associate congregations. There are a great many weekly church periodicals and other tracts in circulation, furnished from England, Scotland, North America, and Germany for the support of Spanish Protestantism. See the following article.

W.'GoTZ.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: On the general and Roman Catholic history of Spain consult: D. J. Saenz d'Aguirre, CoLlectio maxima conciliorum omnium Spanice, 2d ed., 6 vols., Rome, 1753; H. Florez, Eapana sagrada (with continuations), 51 vole., Madrid, 1754-1879; F. W. Lembke, Geschichte von Spanien (continued by Schafer and Schirrmacher), fi vols., Hamburg, 1831-93; P. B. Gams, Die Kirehengeachichte von Spanien, 5 vols_ Regensburg, 1862-79; P. Rousselot, Les Mystiques espagnols, 2d ed., Paris, 1869; G. Diereks, Das moderne GeistesLe6en Spaniens. Leipsic, 1883; idem, Das moderne Spanien, Berlin, 1908; P. FSrster, Der Einlluss der Inquisition auf das geistipe Leben der Spanier, Berlin, 1890; O. Werner, Orbis terrarum caEholicus, pp. 389, Freiburg, 1890; H. C. Lea, Chapters from the Religious Hilt. of Spain connected with the Inquisition, Philadelphia, 1890; idem, History of the Inquisition of Spain, 4 vols., New York, 1906-07; F. Meyrick, The Church in Spain, London, 1892; DZ. R. Burke, Hist. of Spain, 2 vole., London, 1900; Dl. A. S. Hume, The Spanish People, London, 1901; A. Astrian, Historia de la Compania de J9aus en la asistencia de EspaRa, Madrid, 1902 aqq.; W. Webster, Gleanings in Church HisE. in Spain and France, London, 1903; H. Leclercq, L'Espagne chretienne, Paris, 1906; C. Rudy, The Cathedrals of Northern. Spain. Their History and their Architecture, together with much of Interest concerning their Bishops, Rulers, etc., London, 1906; $. Habler, Geschichte Spaniens unter den Habsburgern, vol. i., Goths, 1907; M. Andujar, Spain of To-day from Within, New York, 1909; W. W. Collins, Cathedral Cities of Spain, ib. 1909; H. Giessen, Die chrisllich-arabische Literatur der Mozaraber, Leipsie, 1909 C. C. Perkins, Builders 9f Spain, 2 vole., London, 1909; R. Tyler, Spain: Study of her Life and Arts, New York, 1909; KL, xi. 539-551.

On Protestantism in this country consult the literature under the following articles, and: The Spanish Reformed Church. The Declaration set forth by the Central Consistory . . with. some Account of the Members and their Meetings at Gibraltar, . . 1868, London, 1868; J. A. Wylie, Daybreak in Spain; its new Reformation, London, 1870; F. G. J. Grape, Spanien and das Evaregelium, Halle, 1896; H. E. Noyes, Church Reform in Spain. A Short History of the Reformed Episcopal Churches of Spain and Portugal, London, 1897; E. Schafer, Beitrage zur Geschichte des spauischen Protestantismus and der Inquisition im IB. Jahrhundert, 3 vole., Giitersloh, 1902; G. Borrow, The Bible in Spain, late ed., London, 1908; F. E. and H. A. Clark, The Gospel in Latin Lands, pp. 125-159. New York, 1909; G. H. B. Ward, The Truth about Spain, London, 1911.