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South was a Calvinist at a time when the drift of the High-church episcopacy, which he favored, set strongly toward Arminianism. Though antiPuritan, and bitterly so, in regard to polity, both civil and ecclesiastical; he was a Puritan in theology. John Owen was not a higher predestinarian than he, and Richard Baxter was a lower one. It must have been from an intense conviction of the truth of this type of doctrine, that South, in the face of all his prejudices and of his ecclesiastical and courtly connections, defended it with might and main. For this reason, the great anti-Puritan has continued to have warm admirers among Puritans and Nonconformists.
There have been many editions of his Sermons (best ed., 12 vols., London, 1704-44, with a memoir of his life and writings in vol. xii., 1717; reissued, ed. W. G. T. Shedd, 5 vole., Boston, 1866-71).
BIBLIOGRAPHY: The standard memoir is that in the Sermons, ut sup. Consult further John Barber's funeral oration, The Character of the Rev. and Learned Dr. Robert South, London, 1716; A. b Wood, Atltenee Oxionenaes, ed. P. Bliss, iv. B31-632, and Fasti, ii. 158, 182, 200, 276, 281, 334, 4 vols., London, 1813-20; W. C. Lake, South the Rhetorician, in J. E. Kempe, Classic Preachers of the English Church, 2 series, London, 1877-78; W. H. Button, The English Church (1626-i71l,), pp. 268, 298, London, 1903; DNB, !iii. 275-277.
SOUTHCOTT, sauth'cet, JOANNA, AND THE SOUTHCOTTIANS: The founder of a short-lived English sect (b. at Gittisham, 14 m. n.e. of Exmouth, Devonshire, Apr., 1750; d. at London Dec. 27, 1814) and her followers. Interpreting the text Rev. xii. 1 sqq. as signifying the speedy advent of the Messiah, she declared herself to be the bride of the Lamb, and, although sixty-four years old, announced that she was about to give birth to the future Messiah, this belief being caused probably by tympanites. She required her followers to keep the Jewish laws regarding clean and unclean meat and the observance of the Sabbath. A magnificent cradle was made to receive the future prince, or " second Shiloh," and both Joanna and her adherents waited patiently for her delivery. She died, however, of the disease named above ; but her tracts, some sixty in number, and her works, of which the most important were The Strange Effects of Faith, with Remarkable Prophecies . . . of Things which are to come (2 parts, Exeter, 1801-02; contains autobiographical material); A Dispute between the Woman and the Power of Darkness (London, 1802); Divine and Spiritual Communications (1803); Warning to the Whole World from the Sealed Prophecies of Joanna Southcott (2 parts, 1803); The Second Book of Visions (1803); Copies and Parts of Copies of Letters and Communications, written from Joanna Southcott (1804); Second Book of the Sealed Prophesies (1805); A Caution and Instruction to the Sealed (1807); The True Explanation of the Bible (7 parts, 1804-10); and The Book of Wonders (5 parts, 18131814), were still eagerly read by her followers, who did not abandon hope of the predicted Messiah. The gradually dwindling sect assembled for a time in London to hear the words of the prophetess Elisa beth Peacock, and later met in the house of her son, in Trafalgar Street, but it is unlikely that it sur-
vived the year 1880. (O. Zocgl.Ext.) RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA South Sea IslandsBIBLIOGRAPHY: A considerable literature, belonging to the period of her life and a very few years after her death, is indicated in the British Museum Catalogue, s.Y. The sources are her own writings, which contain, in fragmentary form, considerable biographical detail. Consult: The Life and Death of Joanna Southcott, London, 1815; (J. Fairburn), The Life of Joanna Southeott, the Prophetess, ib. 1514; Memoirs ojthe Life and Mission of Joanna Southcott, ib. 1814; The Life and Prophecies of Joanna Soxttheott, ib. 1815; J. H. Blunt, Dictionary of Sects, Heresies,. pp. 568-570, Philadelphia_ 1874; DNB, !iii. 277279; Alice Seymour, The Express, Containing the Life and Divine Writings of Joanna Southcott, London, 1909.
SOUTHGATE, HORATIO: Protestant Episcopal missionary bishop; b. in Portland, Me., July 5, 1812; d. in Astoria, L. L, Apr. 12, 1894. He was graduated from Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., 1832, and from Andover Theological Seminary, 1835, and was ordained deacon the same year; was engaged, under appointment by the .Protestant . Episcopal Church, in investigating the state of Mohammedanism in Turkey and Persia, 183fi-38; ordained priest, 1839; missionary in Constantinople, as delegate to the oriental churches, 1840-44; Episcopalian missionary bishop for the dominions and dependencies of the Sultan of Turkey, Oct. 26, 1844-49; was rector of St. Luke's Church, Portland, Me., 1851-52; of the Church of the Advent, Boston, Mass., 18521858; and of Zion Church, New York City, 18591872; and then took up his residence at Ravenswood, L. I. He is the author of Narrative of a Tour through Armenia, Kurdistan, Persia, and Mesopotamia (2 vole., New York, 1840); Narrative of a Visit to the Syrian (Jacobite) Church of Mesopotamia (1844); A Treatise on the Antiquity, Doctrine, Ministry, and Worship of the Anglican Church (in Greek; Constantinople, 1849); Parochial Sermons (New York, 1860); and The Cross above the Crescent, a Romance of Constantinople (Philadelphia, 1877).
BIBLIOGRAPHY: W. S. Perry, The Episcopate in America, p. 103, New York, 1895.
SOUTHWORTH, FRANgLIIN CHESTER: Unitarian; b. at North Collins, 1V. Y., Oct. 15, 1863 He received his education at Harvard University (B.A., 1887; M.A., 1892; S.T.B., 18921; was a teacher in secondary schools, 1887-89; served the Unitarian church at Duluth, Minn., 1892-97, and the Third Unitarian Church, Chicago, 1897-99; was secretary of the Western Unitarian Conference, 1899-1902; and became president of the Meadville Theological School, dean of the faculty, and professor of practical theology in 1902.
SOWER, so'er, CHRISTOPHER (CHRISTOPH SAUR): American printer and' publisher;
Laasphe (18 m. w.n.w. of Marburg), Germany, 1693; d. at Germantown, Pa., Sept. 25, 1758. He studied at the University of Halls; in 1724 he emigrated to America and settled as a farmer in Lancaster county, Pa., but removed to Germantown in 1731 and practised medicine there. In 17313 he acquired, largely from philanthropic motives, a printing-press at Germantown, and began the publication of a German almanac, which was continued by his descendants for sixty years. In 1739 he issued the first number of the Hoch-Deutsch pensylvanische Geschichts-Schreiber, a religious and secular journal that exerted a large influence upon the Germans of
