STOECKER, stuk'er, ADOLF

German United Evangelical; b. at Halberstadt (31 m. s.w. of Magdeburg) Dec. 15, 1835; d. at Nuremberg Feb. 25, 1908. He was educated at the universities of Halle and Berlin (1854-57); was private tutor in Neustadt (1857-59) and in Kurland (1859-63); became pastor at Seggerda, near Halberstadt, where he remained until 1866, when he was called in a similar capacity to Hamersleben; from 1871 to 1874 he was military divisional pastor at Metz (1871-74); was court and cathedral preacher at Berlin (1874-91); in 1891 his political views caused his dismissal. In 1878 he became a member of the general synod of the Evangelical Church. Stocker's chief fame

due to his foundation, in 1878, of the Christian socialist party, and to his sturdy advocacy of antiSemitism, since he regarded Judaism as a danger both to Christianity and to the political strength of Germany.

Stoecker was elected as the avowed advocate

of these views to the Prussian diet in 1879, retaining office until 1898, while from 1881 to 1893 he was likewise a member of the Reichstag, reelected in 1898. He served as president of the Christlich-Sozialer Verein, which, owing to the decline of the anti-Semitic movement in Germany, had diminished in prestige. In 1887 he founded the Deutsche evangelische Kirchenzeitung, which he edited after 1892. He wrote Christlich-Soxial (Bielefeld, 1884); Fins ist Not, ein Jahrgang Volkspredigten fiber freie Texte (Berlin, 1884); O Land, bore des Herrn Wort, ein Jahrgang Volkspredigten fiber die Episteln (1885); Den Armen wird das Evangelium gepredigt (1887); Die sozialen and kirchlichen Notstande in grosser Stadten (Stuttgart, 1888); Wan, delt im Geist (Berlin, 1888); Die sonntagliclae Predigt (1889); Salz der Erde (1892); Waeh auf, evangelisehes Volk (1893); Dreizehn Jahre Hofprediger and Politiker (1895); Gesammelte Schriften (1896); Verheissung and Erfiillung (1896); Das Evangelium eine Gotteskraft (1900); Bestdndig in der Apostel Lehre (1901); and Das Leben Jesu in taglichen Andachten (1903).

STOESSEL, JOHANN: .German theologian; b. at Kitzingen (10 m. s.e. of Wurzburg) June 23, 1424; d. at Senftenberg (33 m, n.e. of Dresden) Mar. 18, 1576. After taking his degree at Wittenberg in 1549, he was called, as an anti-Philippist, to Weimar by Duke John Frederick as chaplain, and in this capacity he took part with Maximilian Morlin, court chaplain at Coburg, in introducing the Reformation in the margravate of Baden-Durlach in 1556, vigorously opposing everything divergent from strict Lutheranism. In the same spirit he opposed Melanchthon at the colloquy of Worms

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among the people of Israel. The ger was required to avoid everything that was unclean for Israelites (Lev. xvii. 8 sqq., xviii. 26, xx. 2; Num. xix. 10 sqq.), to observe the Sabbath, to fast on the Day of Atonement (Lev. xvi. 29), to avoid leavened bread at the Passover, and not to profane the name of Yahweh (Lev. xxiv. 16). Further, he was as responsible for any violations of the Law as were the Israelites (Num. xv. 14 sqq.). On the other hand, he was given equal rights before the courts instead of the bare right to appeal to the compassion of the judge (Lev. xxiv. 22; Num. xxxv. 15). By submitting to circumcision the ger became a full citizen (Gen. xxxiv. 15; Ex. xii. 48; Num. ix. 14). Otherwise he might not keep an Israelite as a slave, but had to treat a servant as a free wage-earner (Lev. xxv. 47 sqq.). The right of connubium was also denied him (Ezra ix. 1 sqq., x. 2 sqq.).

I. BENZINGER.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: A. Bertholet, Die Stellung der Israeliten und Juden zu den Fremden, Freiburg, 1896; M. Peisker, Die Beziehung der Nichtisraeliten zu Jahve nach der Anschauung der altisraelitischen Quellenschriften, Giessen, 1909; Benzinger, Archäologie, pp. 284-286, 293; DB, ii. 49-51, iv. 622-623; EB, iv. 4814-18.