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487 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA socialism

Booiety of Irsw'y

tion and consumption. Experiments in meeting these needs are in progress, some of which promise as satisfactory adjustment as socialism could effect. %I. The Relation of the Church: The Christian Church has not been in favor with socialists because in their minds it is associated with oppression, in Europe with the oppression of the Roman Catholic Church, in America with the oppression of capital ists. The Church in America has not hitherto suc ceeded in disabusing the minds of the masses of their error, but recent activities and utterances of various branches of the Church, especially the es tablishment of labor departments, have been di rected more efficiently to this end, and have been attended with marked success. Not a few social ists are found in the Church in England and Amer ica. The Christian Socialists in the United States have formed several organizations for conference and cooperation; notably the Christian Socialist Federation which declares for the cooperative com monwealth. Far more numerous in the Church are those who see the need of wise measures to modify the present economic system in the interest of the least paid, and of the activity of the Church as the messenger of Christ to persuade all classes to Chris tian brotherhood, that the change may be peaceful and permanent. Socialism, stirred by the with holding of his due from the wage-earner, attempts a solution by withholding his due from the eco nomical and from the skilled. There is needed something more than a mere economic change; there is needed the spirit of Christ. It is the mis sion of the Church to teach men that spirit; and she must become the most potent agent in accom plishing that which socialism inadequately plans, the winning of .the world to live in the spirit of the Redeemer. JAMES CARTER.

Bniroaasrax: Consult the literature under Christian so cialism, and Communism, especially the works of Noyes, Nordhoff, and Hinds. Also: Morelly Code de la nature, Paris, 1755; F. M. C. Fourier, Tuorie des quatre mouvements, Paris, 1808; idem, Le Nouveau Monde industrial; ib. 1829; C. H. St. Simon, L'Industric, Paris, 1817; idem, L'Orpanisation, ib. 1819; idem, Du systgme industrial, 3 Tols., ib. 1821-22; idem Le Nouveau Chriatianisme, ib. 1825, Eng. trapsl., The New Christianity, London, 1834; J. J. L. Blanc, Organization du'travail, Paris, 1840, Eng. trsnsl., Organization of Labor, London, 1848; A. Cabet, Voyage en Iearie, Paris, 1840; J. Ruskin, Unto This Last; London, 1862; K. Marx, Dos %apital, Hamburg 1867, new ad., 3 vols., 1906, Eng. transl., Capital, 12th ad., London, 1908; T. Woolsey, Communism and Socialism, New York, 1880; E. Bellamy, Looking Backward, Boston, 1888; idem, Equality, London, 1897; A. Schaefe, The Quintessence of Socialism, ib. 1889; Fabian Society, Essays in Socialism, London, 1890; F. Engels, Socialism, Utopian sad Scientific, f b. 1892; R. T. Ely, Socialism: its Nature. Strength, and Weakness, ib. 1894; J. Jaurbs, Studies in Socialism, ib. 1906; T. Kirkup History of socialism, 3d ed., New York, 1907; idem, An Inquiry into Socialism, 3d ed., ib. 1907; R. C. K. Ensor, Modern Socialism, 2d ed., New York, 1907; H. G. Wells, New Worlds for Old, Edinburgh, 1908; idem, Socialism and the Family, Boston, 1908; P. LeroyBeaulieu, Collectivism, New York, 1908; W. R. Hunter, Socialists, at Work, ib. 1908; The Case against Socialism, New York, 1908· G. M. Bell, Social Service, ib. 1908; M. Hillquit, Socialism in Theory and Practice, ib. 1908; idem, Hist, of Socialism in the United States, new ed., ib. 1910; W. Rauschenbusch, Christianity and the Social Crisis, ib. 1908; E. P. Tenney, Contrasts in Social Progress, ib. 1908; C. B. Thompson, The Churches and the Wage Earners, ib. 1908; W. E. Chadwiek, Social Work, ib. 1909; idem, Social Relationship in the Light of Chrie-

tianity, London, 1910; A. St. Ledger, Australian Socialism; . . . its Origin and Development, New York, 1909; E. Hammaeher, Das philosophisch-okonomische System des Marsiamue, Leipsic, 1909; J. Spargo, Socialism, New York, 1909; J. J. Ming, The Morality of Modern Socialism, ib. 1909; T. C. Hall, Social Solutions in the Light of Christian Ethics, 'ib. 1910; Jane T. Stoddart, The New Socialism, New York, 1910; H. Jones, The Working Faith of the Social Reformer, London, 1910; Y. Guyot, Socialistic Papaciea, New York, 1910; W. L. Wilson, The Menace of Socialism, Philadelphia, n. d.

SOCIETE EVAHGELIQUE DE GENEVE. See EVANGELICAL SOCIETY of GENEVA.

SOCIETY OF MARY: 1. Marist Fathers: A religious order founded in 1816 uniting the work, of education with that of missions. The founder was Jean Claude Marie Colin (b. at Saint Bonnet-leTroncy, in the diocese of Lyons, Aug. 7, 1790; d. at Notre-Dame-de-la-NeyliSre, in the department of Rh6ne, Feb. 28, 1875), who persuaded his brother and some other's to join in the organization of an order under provisional rules drawn up by him. He received the approbation of Pius VII. in 1818, and the members took up the task of preaching in the neglected parts of the diocese, and in 1829, having greatly increased in numbers, assumed charge of the ecclesiastical seminary of Belley. In 1835 the attention of the Holy See was turned to the South Sea Islands and the need for workers there; the Marists were asked to undertake missions in those regions, and accepted the invitation, upon which Gregory XVI. approved the Society of Mary in the brief Omnium genlium of Apr. 29, 1836, final sanction being given by Pius IX., Feb. 28, 1873. The mother house is at Lyons, but the order has spread until it consists of six provinces, two in France, one in the British Isles, one in the United States, one in New Zealand, and one in Oceania. In the United States the order has an archbishop, 105 priests, 75 novices, 5 lay brothels, 2 training-houses, 4 colleges, and 18 parishes besides missions. The government is under a superior general, with four assistants, a general procurator, a procurator, spud sanctum sedem, and the first alone is elected for life; the official residence of the general officers is Rome.

2. Society of Mary of Paris: A society founded in 1817 by William Joseph Cha,minade, the primary purpose of which is the salvation of its own members, and then all works of zeal. The formation of the society was stimulated by a desire to strengthen the church after the losses occasioned by the French Revolution, and various sodalities were formed, the culmination of which was the society. under discussion. One of the peculiarities of this organization is the inclusion of both clerical and lay members, bound together by the vows of poverty, celibacy, obedience, and stability in the service of the Virgin, and employed in various works of mercy and service. Since the expulsion of the order from France in 1903, the headquarters are at Nivelles, Belgium, where the superior general resides. The order comprises seven provinces, and has houses in the principal countries of Europe outside Great Britain, also in Africa, China, Japan, the Hawaiian Islands, Canada, Mexico, and the United States. In the last the society settled in 1849, and it reports there 2 normal schools, 4 colleges, 3 high schools,