[See page image]
Page 482
Social Service THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG 482 Socialism In about 200 cities in the United States there are charity organizations or similar private socie ties, the fundamental principles of which are the relief of the poor in their homes, registration of cases, cooperation with other charitable societies, careful investigation of applications for relief, or other aid. In some cities, notably New York, no public outdoor relief is given by the city; the pri vate charitable societies alone caring for the poor in their homes. In most cities the charitable or ganizations and the public poor-officials work more or less in harmony in the administration of poor relief. In general, institutions for special classes of the dependent and physically or mentally de fective are under state or other governmental man agement. Almost every state has a public super visory body, generally appointed by the governor to inspect and advise, and, in some states, to administer state charitable institutions. Generali zing, it may be said that poor-relief in the nineteenth century saw three general stages of development. The first, the development of institutions for the care of the various classes of the poor; secondly, the development of the system of the care of the poor in their homes in which the relief of the individual family was the goal. The third stage developed from about 1895, and is marked by increasing efforts to prevent pauperism. The doctrine of prevention has become practically a gospel in charitable work. The most prominent movements to-day in preventive charity are tene ment-house reform, warfare against tuberculosis, against child labor, the movement for parks and playgrounds, the movement for the reduction of con gestion of population, for prison reform, for better health, and many other like movements. The prob lem of poor-relief in the United States is becoming a national problem of the reduction of poverty. The public press, periodicals, magazines, etc., are lay ing special emphasis upon charitable and correc tional problems. Charity workers are emphasi zing the prominence of heredity and environment as causes of poverty, and take the standpoint that with the reduction or removal of preventable con ditions, due to heredity and environment, poverty will be reduced. O. F. LEwls. BIBLIOGRAPHY: On the history the standard work is G. Uhlhorn, Die christliche Liebesthdtigkeit, 3 vols., Stuttgart, 1882-90, Eng transl. of vol. i., Christian Charity in the Ancient Church, New York, 1883. Consult further on the history E. L. Chastel, Etudes historiques sur l'influence de la chariM durant les pr6miers sidles, Paris, 1853; A. Emminghaus, Doe Armenweaen and die Ar»asnge8etzge bung der europdischen Staaten, Berlin, 1870; A. Thijm, De Gestichten van Liefdadighead in Belgie van Karel d. Gr. tot aan de zvi. eeuw, in M6moirs couronnis of the Royal Acad emy, Vol. xlv., Brussels, 1883; idem, Les Hospitauz en Belgique en moyen-dge, LSwen, 1883; B. Riggenbach, Dos Armenwesen der Reformation, Basel, 1883; G. Ratzin ger, Geschichte der kirchlichen Armenplege, Freiburg, 1884; C. J. R. Turner Hist. of Vagrants and Vagrancy, London, 1887; D. Tourbie, Ddnisches Armenrecht, Berlin, 1888; F. H. Wines, Report on the Defective, Dependent, and Delin quent Classes, U. S. census, Washington, 1888; H. G. Willink, Dutch Home Labour Colonies, London, 1889; R. P. Lamond, The Scottish Poor Laws, Glasgow, 1892; L. A. Rubbrecht, RemMes contre is pauper:ame, Brussels, 1892; B. H. Dahlberg, Bidrag tell Svenska Fattiglagstiftningens Histarra, Upsala, 1893: E. Chevallier, La Loi des pauvres et la soeUM anglaise, Paris, 1895; J. Cummings, Poor-Laws of Massachusetts and New York, Baltimore, 1895; W. G.
Lumley, Union Assessment Acts and the Poor Rate Ad, London, 1895; A. Loth, La Charith catholique en France avant Is r6volution, Tours, 1898; Sir G. Nicholls, A Hist. of the English Poor Law, 2 vols., London, 1898; E. Mischler, Die Armempflege and Woh1thdtigkeit in Oesterreich, Vienna, 1899; E. M. Leonard. Early Hist. of English Poor Relief, Cambridge, 1900; O. B. P. G. de C16ron, Assistance publique et bienfaisance privge, Paris, 1901; W. H. Diemeday, Hadden'a Overseers' Handbook, London, 1901; J. B. Little, The Poor Law Statutes, 3 vols., London, 1901; P. F. Asehrott, The English Poor Law System, London, 1902; H. S. Brown, American Philanthropy in the 19th Century, 2 vols., New York, 1902; A. Hoffmann and H. Simon, Wohlfahrtspfege in Rheinland and Westfalen, Diisseldorf, 1902· L. Lallemand, Hist. de la charitk, 4 vo1s., Paris, 1902-10; J. J. Esser, De pauperum cura apud Romanes. Campia (?), 1902; C. A. Ellwood, Public Relief and Private Charity in England, Columbia, Mo.,1903; B. Kuske, Doe Schuldenwesen der deutwhen Stddte im Mittelalter, Tiibingen, 1904; E. Marescont du Thilleul, L'Aasistance publique d Paris, 2 vols., Paris, 1904; E. Sellers, The Danish Poor Relief System, London, 1904; K. Singer, Socials Filer sorpe, Munich, 1904; B. K. Gray, Mist. of English Philanthropy, London, 1905 (important); E. W. Capen, Historical Development of the Poor Law of Connecticut, New York, 1905; J. E. Graham, The Law Relating to the Poor, Edinburgh, 1905 (deals with Scotland); E. von Mailer, Die Elendenbrilderschaften. Bin Beitrag zur Geschichte der Fremdenfllraorge im Mittelalter, Leipsie, 1908; F. Appleton, Church Philanthropy in New York, New York, 1907; M. Fluegel, The Humanity, Benevolence and Charity Legislation of the Pentateuch and the Talmud; in Parallel with the Laws of Hammurabi, the Doctrine of Egypt, the Roman Twelve Tables, and modern Codes, Baltimore, 1908; M. Godbey, The Bible and the Problem of Poverty. New York, 1908; E. C. Rayner, Story of the Christian Community, 1686-1909. A notable Record of Christian Labour in London Workhouses and Lodging Houses, London, 1909; J. J. Walsh, The Thirteenth, Greatest of Centuries, New York, 1909; R. M. Berry, Germany of the Germans, ib. 1910 (deals with poor laws); Schaff, Christian Church, vol. v., part 2, § 79; the Proceedings of the national, state, and municipal Conferences on Charities and Corrections and the Annual Reports of the boards of charities, etc., of the various states and cities.
On the theory and practise in various countries consult: A. Baron, Le Pauperisme, Paris, 1882; J. Platt, Poverty, London, 1884; C. V. Bohmert, Das Armenwesen in 77 deutschen Stddten, 3 parts, Dresden, 1880-88; W. Booth, In Darkest England and the Way out, London, 1890; E. G. Balch, Public Assistance of the Poor in France, London, 1893; H. G. Borgesius, Het Vraagstuk der Armerzorging, Amsterdam, 1895; J. A. Hobson, The Problem of the Unemployed. London, 1898; B. Gewin, Arbeidsbeurzen, Utrecht, 1898; W. C. and R. C. Glen, General Orders of the Poor Law Commissioners and the Local Government Board Relating to the Poor Law, London, 1898; E. T. Devine, Practice of Charity, New York, 1901; idem, Essentials of a Relief Policy, New York, 1903; idem, Principles of Relief, ib. 1904; ideas, Misery and its Causes, ib. 1909; C. R. Henderson, Introduction to the Study of the Dependent and Defective Classes and of their Treatment, 2d ed., Boston, 1901; idem, Modern Methods of Charity: the Syeterps of Relief . . in the principal Countries having modern Methods, New York, 1904; T. Mackay, Public Relief of the Poor, London, 1901; H. Albrecht, Handbuch der sozialenWohlfahrtspflege in Deutschland, 2 parts, Berlin, 1902; Beitrdge zur Armenstatistik, Jena, 1902; P. C. J. A. Boeles, Armengoederen en Armenbesturen in Friesland, Leeuwarden, 1902; T. B. Chilcott, Law Relating to the Administration of Charities, London, 1902- J. A. Riis, The Battle with the Slum, New York, 1902; J. Sutter, Britain's Next Campaign, London, 1903; R. Hunter, Poverty, New York, 1904; M. Higgs, How to Deal with the Unemployed, London, 1904; J. Ladoff, American Pauperism and the Abolition of Poverty, Chicago, 1904; C. S. Loch, Methods of Social Advance, London, 1904; E. U. Pasini, La Difeaa del Povero, Perugia, 1904; C. F. Rogers, Charitable Relief, London 1904; P. Alden, The Unemployed, London, 1905; Y. E. de Froment, L'Assistance Mgale et la lutte contre Is pauperisme en Angleterre, Paris, 1905; A. Niceforo, Les Classes pauvres, Paris, 1905; W. Reason, Our Industrial Outcasts, London, 1905; A. G. Warner, American Charities, revised ed., Boston, 1908; H. M