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Snowden THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG 466 Social Service Lay Representation (1835); Lectures on Biblical Sub jects (1836), and a volume of sermons (1846; ed. W. G. Snethen). BIBLIOGRAPHY: References to him will be found in the literature on the early Methodists, e.g., J. M. Buckley, in American Church History Series, v. 341, 364, 366, 533, 599, New York, 1896. SNOWDEN, JAMES HENRY: Presbyterian; b. at Hookstown, Pa., Oct. 18, 1852. He was educated at Washington and Jefferson College (A.B., 1875) and Western Theological Seminary, Alleghany, Pa. (graduated, 1878). He has held pastorates at Huron, O. (1879-83), First Presbyterian Church, Sharon, Pa. (1883-86), and Second Presbyterian Church, Washington, Pa. (since 1886). From 1893 to 1898 he was also adjunct professor of political economy and ethics in Washington and Jefferson College, and since 1898 has been editor-in-chief of The Presby terian Banner (Pittsburg). He favored the revision of the Presbyterian Confession of Faith in 1901-03 and union with the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in 1904-06, and in theology belongs to the progressive wing of his denomination. He has written Scenes and Sayings in the Life of Christ (Chicago, 1903); and Summer across the Sea (New York, 1909). SOCIAL BRETHREN: A denomination of Chris tians holding to the general doctrines of orthodox Christianity, formed in 1867 by an association of persons who had been members of various churches but disagreed with their former brethren on certain points of doctrine and usage. The leading points of their faith are belief (1) in the Trinity as united SOCIAL SERVICE I. General Survey of Philanthropy. Among Hebrews and Orientals (§ 1). In the Eastern Christian Church (§ 2). The Occident (§ 3). Decline in the Middle Ages (§ 4). Rise of Monastic and Cathedral Hospitals (§ 5). Municipal Hospitals (§ 6). The Reformation (§ 7). Humanism and Modern Philan thropy (§ 8). II. Philanthropy in Great Britain. To Downfall of Monasteries (§ 1). To End of Seventeenth Century (§ 2).

into one godhead; (2) in the Scriptures as containing all things necessary to salvation; (3) in Christ as the only mediator between God and man; (4) in the visible Church as the congregation of the faithful who have been redeemed through Christ, among whom the pure Word of God is preached and to whom the sacraments are duly administered; (5) in redemption, regeneration, sanctification, and salvation through Christ as enduring to the end, yet with a possibility of apostasy; (6) in baptism-by sprinkling, pouring, or immersion-and the Lord's Supper as ordinances of Jesus Christ appointed in the Church, of which true believers are proper subjects, to which all such have right to be admitted; (7) in suffrage and free speech in the Church as the right of all lay members; and (8) that ministers are called of God to preach the Gospel and that only.

The churches are principally in Illinois and Missouri. They are grouped into associations of the ordained ministers, licensed preachers, exhorters, and delegates of the societies of a covenant body of three or more churches; the associations possess appellate jurisdiction over the churches. The associations are affiliated in a general assembly composed of the ordained ministers, licensed preachers, exhorters, general superintendent of schools, and delegates of two or more associations, and this assembly has appellate jurisdiction over the associations. The associations meet annually, the general assembly every second year.

The United States Census Bulletin for 1910 gives them for 1906: 17 organizations, 15 ministers, 1,262 communicants, 15 church buildings with two rented halls, and church property valued at $13,800.

OF THE CHURCH. Sporadic Efforts for Relief of Need (§ 3). Legislative and Other Relief Measures (§ 4). Rise of Corporate Philanthropy (§ 5). Hospitals; Care of Insane; Nursing (§ 6). Anti-Slavery and Prison-Reform (§ 7). Ragged Schools; Young People's .Societies (§ 8). Movements under Personal Initiative (§ 9). Movements in Scotland (§ 10). Total Abstinence (§ 11). The Colonies (§ 12). Prospects (¢ 13). III. Philanthropy in America.

I. General Survey of philanthropy. The pre

Christian world possessed no philanthropical insti

tutions. The Old Testament demands mercy and

charity and contains individual ordi

i. Among nances for the care of the poor (tithes,

Hebrews Deut. xiv. 28, 29, xxvi. 12 sqq.), but

and there was no organized philanthropy

Orientals. in Israel. There was no need of in

stitutions because economic conditions

prevented poverty on a large scale. Post-exilic Juda

ism laid great stress upon almsgiving and there

was much xuutual aid among the Jews, especially in

Colonial Practise (¢ 1). Church and Voluntary Philanthropies (§ 2). Defects Remedied by Organization (§ 3). Public Administration of Aid (§ 4). Principles of Work (§ 5). The Church's Higher Duties (§ 6). Conclusion (§ 7). IV. Poor-Relief, General Survey. The Ante-Nicene Church (§ 1). The Post-Nicene Church (§ 2). The Middle Ages (§ 3). The Reformation Period (§ 4). Three Modern Types (§ 5). V. Poor-Relief in the United States. Early Practise (§ 1). Modern Conditions and Methods (§ 2).

the Diaspora. Likewise there was no organized charity in Greece and Rome. The aid of needy citizens in Athens as well as the distribution of corn

in Rome were not acts of philanthropy, but of a political character. The idea of Christian Philanthropy is approached most closely in the so-called coller of the Romans, which aided their members by defraying funeral expenses, by distributing bread,

wine, or money, and by giving financial aid in cases of sickness, journeys, and other eventualities.

A real activity of charity developed first in the Christian congregations; but here, too, there were