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SILVIA AQUITANA: The name under which is known a pilgrim of the fourth century to the Holy Land, who has left a record of her travels. The trend toward pilgrimages became almost a craze in the fourth century, against which, e.g., Gregory of Nyssa protested (MPG, xlvi. 1016-24), though Jerome favored it (Epist., xlvi., Eng. transl., in NPNF, 2 ser., vi. 60-65). A sort of guide-book made on a journey c. 333 A.D. exists in the Itinerarium Burdigalense (" The Bordeaux rilgrim "), but it is not a journal of travel like that which exists in the Peregrinatio S. Silvicre, discovered in 1884 by G. F. Gamurrini at Arezzo in Tuscany and consisting of a letter describing her experiences written to the nuns of a cloister at her native place. The manuscript is not complete, lacks both beginning and end, and also a part from the middle of the narrative. Fortunately, the omissions are practically supplied by Peter the Deacon, who used the narrative, as did Bede. The date may be set between 379-387, with 394 as the latest date possible; in that year the bones of the Apostle Thomas were translated to the chief church at Edessa, which the pilgrim distinguished from the Martyrium which she visited. Recently, however, Meister (see bibliography) has proposed 533-540 as the date of the pilgrimage, and many have accepted his arguments. Gamurrini sought to identify the pilgrim with the traveler named by Palladius in the " Lausiac History," but Ft6rotin (see bibliography) has with greater probability suggested the Spanish nun Eucheria, and at any rate " St. Silvia of Aquitania " is " a purely mythical personage." That the pilgrim was a person of consequence appears from the attentions which were showered upon her by clerics, monks, and bishops, and even by the military, escorts being furnished at times. She traveled in comfort and with a considerable retinue.

Peter the Deacon states that she made Jerusalem her headquarters, visited Bethlehem, Hebron, and the other cities celebrated in patriarchal history; covered all Palestine in her travels-Tabor, Carmel, Nazareth, Nain, Tiberias, Capemaum; then went to Egypt and back to Jerusalem, and then to Sinai and other sites in the Mosaic history, where the extant manuscript takes up the story. At Sinai she was shown the sacred sites, the thorn-bush and the like, went to Paran and Clysma, Rameses in Goshen, Tanis, and then to Jerusalem by way of Pelusium; then visited Nebo and the grave of Job in the Hauran by Way of Aenon; next to Antioch, Hierapolis, Edessa, and Harran, her farthest point east. Her return led via Constantinople through Asia Minor, and in Seleucia she read the Acts of Thecla, while in Chalcedon she visited the grave of St. Euphemia.

The narrative is interesting, faithful, and sincere. Her notice of the worship of the Jerusalem community is important, being the only one covering that period; she attended such services as those of Christmas, Easter, Ascension Day, and Pentecost, and describes baptism and the instruction leading to it. Far behind this in worth are such books as Eucherius' De situ Hierosolymitance urbis (a compilation from oral and written Sources), the Breviarius de Hierosolyma of the sixth century, Bede's De locis sanctis, and the work of Peter the Deacon (q.v.).

Of independent worth is Theodosius' De situ terrce sancta (middle of the sixth century); the reports. of the Gallic bishop Arculphus rest upon an Itinerarum of c. 580 and one of Adamnan. (G. KRi)GER.)

BIBLIO(;RAPEY: The editio princepa. by G. F. Gamurrini, the discoverer of the document, was issued at Rome. 1887, 2d ed., 1888, with the account of Peter the deacon and other matter, Italian transl., Milan, 1890. The best ed. is that of P. Geyer, in CSEL, xxxix., Vienna, 1898. Other texts are those of J. Pomialowaky, St. Petersburg. 1889; J. H. Bernard, for Palestine Pilgrims Text Society, with Eng. transl., introduction and notes, London, 1896; E. A. Bechtel, Chicago, 1902; and a fragment by E. von Dobachiits, in TU, 1899, PP. 167 aqq· Consult: L. Delisle, in Bibliothkque de l'i?cole des charter, xlvii (1877), 342348: T. Mommaen, in SBA, 1887, pp. 357-364; E. W51fflin, in Archiv fur lateinische LexicoOraPh%e and Grammatik, iv (1887), 259-277: C. Weyman, in TQS. Ixx (1888). 38-50; L. de Saint-Aignan, Le P&erinage de S. Sylvieen 586, Orl6ana, 1889; E. Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der L%teratur des Mittelalters, i. 345-347, Leipsic, 1889; G. Kriiger, in Preuasische Jahrbiicher, lxvi (1890). 491-505; P. Geyer, Kritische Bemerkungen zu S. Silvite

, peregnnatio, Augsburg, 1890; F. Cabrol, etude eur la Peregrirwtio Silvio. Les tplisea de Ji?rusalem, la discipline et la liturg%e au iv. si,gcle, Paris. 1895; J. von der Vliet, in TSR, xiv (1896). 1-29; M. F6rotin, Le Veritable Auteur de la Pereprinatio SyLv%o:, Paris. 1903; A. Bludau, in Der KathoLik, lxxxiv. 2 (1904), 61-74, 81-98; J. Ang lade, De lat%nitate l%belli qu% inscriptus est PereArinatio

Paris, 1905; C. Meister, in Rhemiachea Museum, Iziv (1909), 337-392.

BIBLrOGRAPHY: The sources are Eusebius, H ist eccl., IIL, xi., xxii., xxxii., axxv.. IV., xxii. 4, Eng, transl. in NPNF, vol. i., passim: and the same author's " Chronicle "for the year 107. Consult further: Tillemont, Memoires, ii. 186 sqq.; J. B. Lightfoot, Apostolic Fathers, part IL, i. 15, 21-22, 39, 58, 60, 66, ii. 443-449, London. 1885 ; E. LSning G emeindeverjassung des Urchrislentur_a, pp. 107-114, Halle, 1888; A. C. MeGiffert, Apostolic Ape, pp. 564-585, New York, 1897· T. Zahn, Forschungen zur Geschichte des neutestamentlichen Kanons, vi. 282 sqq., Leipsie, 1900; R. Knopf, Nachapostolisches Zeitalter, pp, 1 aqq., Tiibingen, 1905 ; Harnack, Lilteralur, i. 223 eq~l.; DCB, iv. 677-678; KL, xi. 307-308.

zantine hagiographer; flourished probably in the second half of the tenth century. Of his life scarcely a detail is known; even the younger Psellos' encomium and office for Simeon's day, Nov. 28 [now combined with St. Theoktiste's day, Nov. 0] (AfP(:,