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his Discourses Preached at Temple Church (4 vols., 1754-97; 6th ed., 5 vols., 1772-75).

BIBLIOGRAPHY: S. Nieolls, A Sermon Preached . on the Death of Dr. T. Sherlock, London, 1762; D. S. Wayland, A Biographical Sketch of Bishop Sherlock, Derby, 1823; L. Stephen, Hist. of English Thought in the 18th Century, passim, 2 vols., New York, 1881 (very full and worth consulting); J. H. Overton, The Church in England, 2 vols., London, 1897; J. H. Overton and F. Relton, The English Church (171/,-1800), ib. 1906; DNB, Iii. 93-95.

SHERLOCK, WILLIAM: Church of England; b. at Southwark, London, about 1641; d. at Hampstead, London, June 19, 1707. He was educated at Peterhouse, Cambridge (B.A., 1660; M.A., 1663); became rector of St. George's, Botolph Lane, London, 1669, where he gained fame as a preacher and attracted attention by his opposition to the Puritans and their theology. In 1681 he became prebendary at St. Paul's; was lecturer at St. Dunstan's-in-theWest; became master of the Temple in 1685; dean of St. Paul's, 1691; and rector of Therfield, Hertfordshire, 1698. Contending under James II. for the doctrine of the divine right and passive obedience, Case of Resistance (London, 1684), he at first refused the oath at the Revolution, but desisted from non-juring, 1690. His most popular work was A Practical Discourse concerning Death (1689; 28th ed., 1767). With A Vindication of the Doctrine of the Holy and Ever-blessed Trinity (1690), he plunged into the Socinian controversy of the time. His position, that in the three persons of the Trinity there was what may be called "a mutual selfconsciousness, a consciousness common to the three," and that therefore the three are essentially and numerically one, brought upon him the irony and invective of Robert South (q.v.), and the charge of tritheism from the Socinians. Among his numerous other publications, practical and controversial, the most frequently republished are, A Discourse concerning a Future Judgment (1692), and A Discourse concerning the Divine Providence (1694). The British Museum Catalogue devotes over eight pages to his works and the editions of them, and to the replies, satires, and controversial pamphlets they evoked.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: R. Wallace, Antitrinitarian Biography, i. 214-215, London, 1850; J. Hunt, Religious Thought in England, 3 vols., ib. 1870-73; J. H. Overton, The Church in England, 2 vols., ib. 1897; W. H. Hutton, The Bnglieh Church (16.86-1714,), ib. 1903; J. H. Overton and F. Relton, The English Church (1714-1800), ib. 1906; DNB, Iii. 95-97.

SHERWOOD, JAMES MANNING: Presbyterian; b. at Fishkill, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1814; d. at Brooklyn, N. Y., Oct. 22, 1890. He was educated mainly by private tutors; was pastor at New Windsor, N. Y., 1835-44; Mendon, N. Y., 1840-45; Bloomfield, N. J., 1852-58; editor of National Preacher, 1846-49; Biblical Repository, 1847-51; Eclectic Magazine, 1864-71; founder and editor of Hours at Home, 1865-69; editor Presbyterian Review, 1863-71; Presbyterian Quarterly and Princeton Review, 18721878; Homiletic Review, from Sept., 1883; also of the Missionary Review. He was extensively engaged as a reader of manuscripts for publishing houses, and critically noticed for the press several thousand volumes, chiefly in the reviews of the country. He was the author of Plea for the Old

Foundations (New York, 1856); The Lamb in the Midst of the Throne (1883); editor of Memoirs, and two volumes of Sermons of Ichabod Spencer (1855); David Brainerd's Memoirs, with notes and estimation of his life and character (1884).

SHIELDS, CHARLES WOODRUFF: Educator and author; b. at New Albany, Ind., Apr. 4, 1825; d. at Newport, R. I., Apr. 26, 1904. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey, 1844; and from Princeton Theological Seminary, 1847; became pastor at Hempstead, Long Island, 1849; of Second Church, Philadelphia, 1850; professor of harmony of science and revealed religion in the College of New Jersey, 1866; and, in addition, professor of modern history, 1871, which professorship he soon resigned. His appointment to the professorship of the harmony of science and religion, the first of its kind, was occasioned by the publication of PhiZosophia Ultima (see below), in which he expounded an academic scheme of irenical studies for the reconciliation of religion and science. In his lectures and writings he stood for the restoration of theology, as a science of religion, to its true philosophical position in a university system of culture, as distinguished from the clerical or sectarian system of education, and the placing of philosophy as an umpire between science and religion as embracing without invading their distinct provinces. This view was set forth in Religion and Science in their Relation to Philosophy (New York, 1875). The final philosophy, or science of sciences to come, is to be reached inductively from the collective intelligence of men working through successive generations, Philosophia Ultima (Philadelphia, 1861; rev. and enlarged ed., Vol. i., Historical and Critical Introduction on the Final Philosophy as Issuing from the Harmony of Science and Religion; Vol. ii., History of the Sciences and the Logic of the Sciences; Vol. iii., Scientific Problems of Religion and the Christian Evidences of the Physical and Psychical Sciences, New York, 1905). As a Presbyterian he was an earnest advocate of the restoration of the Presbyterian prayer-book of 1661 for optional use by ministers and congregations, and published The Book of Common Prayer as Amended by the Presbyterian Divines (Philadelphia, 1864), with an appendix entitled Liturgia Expurgate (1864). His irenicism also contemplated a church unity on a liturgical basis, looking toward an ultimate organic reunion of Presbyterianism, Congregationalism, and Episcopalianism in what he termed the American Protestant Catholic Church. His writings on this theme created intense interest: Essays on Christian Unity (1885) ; The Historic Episcopate (New York, 1894); The United Church of the United States (1895); and Church Unity (1896). In 1898 he took orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church.

SHIPLEY, ORBY: Roman Catholic; b. at Twyford House (9 m. n.e. of Southampton) July 1, 1832. He received his education at Jesus College, Cambridge (B.A., 1854; M.A., 1857); entered the ministry of the Church of England, in