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9ervia THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG 874 Seth and require royal approval. The measures and resolutions passed in the eparchies are subject to the acceptance of their synodical convention, which also takes cognizance of appeals. The eparchical consistories are composed of five popes (or Greek parish priests) and monks, under the bishop's direc tion. Their function is to promote religion among the people, to care for the church property, to settle matrimonial disputes, and to exercise discipline over the clergy. The clergy comprises the regular monastic clericals, from among whom the bishops are taken, and the married priests, or popes. Many of the latter, however, are qualified merely to assist at mass and to dispense a few sacraments. The bishops appoint all the priests independent of the State, which does not contribute for their support, but only a certain part for the bishops and the arch priests. The fifty-two to fifty-four cloisters have sufficiently afuent revenues to discharge the pas toral duties even without state assistance. The training of the clergy requires four years in the gymnasium and four years in the seminary. For the people education was made obligatory in 1882, and there are thirty-eight intermediate schools. The Roman Catholic Church numbers about 24,000, mostly inhabiting the banks of the Save and the Danube, with more than 6,000 in Belgrade. They are under the Croatian bishop of Djakovar, who also bears the title of bishop of Belgrade and Be mendria. The Evangelical congregation is incon spicuous and small in numbers; and has placed itself under the superior church council of Berlin. WILHELM GOTz. BIBLIOGRAPHY: P. Coquelle, Le Royaume de Serbie, Paris, 1894; W. Miller, The Balkans, London and New York, 1896; N. Ruiicig, Das kirehlich-relipidse Leben bei den Serben, Gottingen, 1896; H. Vivian, Servia, the Poor Man's Parodies, London, 1897; E. Lazard and J. Hogge. La Serbi d'aujourd'hui, Brussels, 1901; M. E. Durham, Through the Lands of the Serb. London, 1904; F. Banitz, Daa %dnigreich Serbien and das Serbenroolk. 2 vols., Leip sic, 1904-09; Prince and Princess IAszarovich-Hrebelian ovich, The Servian People; their past Glory and their Des tiny, 2 vola., New York, 1910. SERVIAR ORTHODOX CHURCHES IN AMER ICA: These churches are administering to the spiritual needs of the Servian immigrants from Dalmatia, Austria proper, Servia, Montenegro, Bosnia, and Herzegovina, who ecclesiastically are under the jurisdiction of the primate of the Servian Church in Austria, the metropolitan of the Ortho dox Church of Dalmatia, the Holy Synod of Servia, and the metropolitan of Montenegro. The earliest immigration to the United States was that of the seafaring Dalmatians, whom the gold fever of 1849 brought to California, and the early "Austrian" colonies in New Orleans, Mobile, and San Francisco were doubtless theirs. Servians at present are to be found throughout the United States and Alaska. The first Servian church was built in Jackson, Cal., 1894, by the Archimandrite Sebastian Dabovitch, who later, in 1905, established his headquarters in Chicago as the administrator of the Servian Ortho dox Church in North America, under the jurisdic tion of the Russian archbishop of New York City. There are, according to moderate calculations, about 80,000 Servians in the United States, their clergy consisting of one archimandrite and nine priests,

and they have churches at Chicago and South Chicago, Ill.; MacKeesport, Wilmering, South Pittsburg, and Steelton, Pa.; Jackson and Los Angeles, Cal.; Kansas City, Kansas; St. Louis, Mo.; also in Douglas, Alaska; Butte, Mont.; Barberton, Ohio; and Bisbee, Ariz., in care of visiting priests, and those at Pueblo, Cal., and Buffalo, N. Y., in charge of Russian priests.

The Supreme Council of the Servian Orthodox Society with a membership of 6,500 has its head quarters in Pittsburg, and there exists also the Ser vian Federation "Slogs," the aim of which is to consolidate the various Servian organizations in this country. A. A. ST.uuocLl.

SERVICE, JOHN: Church of Scotland; b. at Campsie (10 m. n. of Glasgow) Feb. 26, 1833; d. at Glasgow Mar. 15, 1884. He studied at the University of Glasgow irregularly from 1858 to 1862; was engaged in editorial work, 1857--62; became minister at Hamilton 1862; but resigned after ten months, on account of ill-health, and retired to Melbourne, Australia, 1864-66; was minister at Hobart Town, Tasmania, 1866-70; returned home, 1870, and was minister of the parish of Inch, Wigtownahire, 18721879; and of Hyndland Church, Glasgow, 1879-84. He wrote a novel which appeared in Good Words under the title Novantia, and was published as Lady Hetty (3 vols., London, 1875); Salvation Here and Hereafter (1877), which caused a sensation in Scotland on account of its Broad-church views; Sermons (1884); and Prayers for Public Worship (1885).

BIsLTOa$AP87: A biographical notice is prefixed to the volume of Sermons, 1884; DNB, li. 259.

SERVITES (Servi beats; Mario Virginia): A Roman Catholic order devoted to the glorification and service of the Virgin through prayer and asceticism. On the feast of the ascension of the Virgin (Aug. 15), 1233, seven leading citizens of Florence, who had previously belonged to a society for her praise, were filled with a desire to devote themselves entirely to her service. The names of the seven were Bonfiglio Monaldi, Bonagiunta Manetti, Manetto dell' Antella, Amideo Amadei, Ricuere Lippi Uguccioni, Gerardo Sostegni, and Allessio Falconieri. With Monaldi as their head, they lived first at the Campo Marzo near Florence, and then (about 1236) on Monte Senario. Their habit then consisted of an ash-gray cloak and a haircloth shirt. In 1239 the cardinal legate Gottfried of Castiglione gave them a milder Augustinian rule and the name of Brothers of the Passion of Jesus. Their habit was now changed to a white mantle, black hood and scapular, and leathern girdle. The order was confirmed by Alexander IV. in 1255, and was extended to France (where the habit was a white mantle and white clothing), and to Holland and Germany (1267-85). Innocent V. (1276) forbade them to receive novices but Honorius IV. (1285,87) gave them many privileges, to which Martin V. (1424) added those of the mendicant orders. Later they spread to Poland and Hungary, and in 1567 were in importance the fifth mendicant order. In 1411 Antonio of Sienna founded the Observantine Servites, who became extinct in 1568. In 1593 Bernardino de Ricciolini founded the congregation of Hermit Servites, which spread