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845 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA self-Deaial

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suppressed and despised sensuality reasserts itself.
Tile coarse and common sins classify themselves under sensuality, the more refined and spiritual ones under pride. Self is in all instances central; love of God is in all its forms negated and excluded, while the morality based on egoism is atheistic. The effort to oppose a coarse selfishness to a " ra tional self-love " which places the benefits and ad vantages of self uppermost but concedes also some thing similar to others, may be taken as a disguise of its real nature and a dissembling of virtue. Its egoism is chiefly commercial. Live and let live is its maxim. In family-life selfishness ascends even as far as heroism or self-sacrifice. Parents deny themselves to accumulate for their offspring or provide for their education. In the aristocracy all is sacrificed to the maintenance of the name. Am bition in knowledge, art, and statesmanship is vir tually self-seeking. Even piety is not inaccessible to it. Here it appears in both forms; passion of spiritual indulgence and self-righteousness. Not content with simple Biblical fare, it drags worldly affectations and modes into the religious life. Self righteousness is the root of Pharisaism; and how in eradicably it is embedded in the human heart is illustrated in Christian history and human experi ence. In the last account, selfishness rewards its votaries with death. Seeking to save their lives they shall lose them. (KARL BuRGERt.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY: R. Rothe, Theolopische Ethik, vol. i., Wittenberg, 1867; A. Wuttke, Christian Ethics, i. 175, ii. 165, New York, 1876; J. Moller, Lehre van der Sfande, ii. 3-4, Breslau, 1839-44, Eng. transl., 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1877; 1. A. Dorner, Christliche Glaubenalehre, ii. § 177, 2 vols., Berlin, 1886, Eng. transl., Edinburgh, 1880--82; idem, System of Christian Ethics, pp. 378 sqq., New York, 1887; A. H. Strong, Philosophy and Religion, pp. 450-457, ib. 1888; H. L. Martensen, Ethik, i. 132 sqq., Berlin, 1894, Eng. transl., London, 1881-82; J. 86stlia, Christliche Ethik, pp. 74, 93 sqq., 197 sqq., 393, 456 sqq., 532, 548 sqq., Berlin, 1899.

SELIGENSTADT, s6'lig-en-stilt": A small He&. sian town on the Rhine (15 m. e.s.e. of Frankfort), at which Archbishop Aribo (Arno) of Mainz convened, probably on Aug. 12, 1023, one of the most important of the comparatively few German medieval provincial synods. It was attended by Bishops Burchard of Worms, Werner of Strasburg, Brun of Augsburg, Eberhard of Bamberg, and Meginhard of Wiirzburg, and the abbots of Fulda, Hersfeld, Lorsch, St. Maximin, Toley, St. Burchard in Wiirzburg, Schldchtern, St. Alban, Klingenmiinster, and Bleidenstadt. The decisions of the synod concern, among other matters, the observance of fasts before high feasts, the ember-day fasts, the prohibition of superstitious usages, synodal procedure in cases of adultery, the degrees of kinship, prohibition of a transfer of a church without the permission of the diocesan, and penance. There was also a prohibition against going to Rome without the consent of the bishop or his vicar; and it was likewise enacted that those charged with grave offenses should be obliged to perform the penanees enjoined by their parish clergy before being permitted to go to Rome to seek absolution from the pope, such a visit being itself contingent upon the consent of
their diocesans. The two latter requirements have by some been construed as attempts to reduce papal prerogatives to mere honorary privileges, but as a matter of fact they simply reaffirm usages which already existed. (A. HAucx.) BIBLtoaaAPa:: R. Miller, Erzbiaohof Aribo von Mains,
Berlin, 1881; W. Derseh, Die Kirchenpolitik des Erzbischol Anbo von Mainz, Marburg, 1899; Hauck, KD, iii. 534 sqq.; Hefele, Concitienpeschichte, iv. 671.

SELL, EDWARD: Church of England, orientalist; b. at Wantage (14 m. s.w. of Oxford) Jan. 24, 1839. He finished his education at the Church Missionary College, London, 1862, and was fellow of Madras University, 1874; was made deacon in 1862, and priest, 1867; was principal of the Harris High School for Mohammedans, Madras, India, 1865-81; became secretary of the Church Missionary Society for the dioceses of Madras and Travancore, 1881; examining chaplain to the bishop of Madras, 1899; and canon of St. George's Cathedral, Madras. He is one of the chief authorities on Mohammedanism, and in this interest has written The Faith of Islam (London, 1880, 3d ed., 1907); The Historical Development of the Qur'an (1897; 2d ed., 1909); Essays on Islam (1901); Islam: its Rise and Progress (1907); The Religious Orders of Islam (1908); The Khulafa'r-Rashidun (1909); The Cult of Ali (1909); The Battles of Badr and Uhud (1909); Al-Qur'an (1909); Sufiism (1910); The Druaes (1910); Ghazwas and Siriyaa (1911).

SELL, KARL: German Protestant; b. at Giessen Nov. 29, 1845. He studied at the universities of Halle, Gottingen, and Giessen (1863-70; Ph.D., Giessen, 1869 ); was curate at Darmstadt (18691871); pastor there (1871-82); supreme consistorial counselor and superintendent in the province of Starkenburg (1882 -91), and since 1891 has been professor of church history in the University of Bonn. He has written Das Christentum gegenuber den Angrifen von Strauss (Heilbronn, 1877 ); Aus Religions- and Kirchengeschiehte (Darmstadt, 1880); Alice, Grossherzogin von Hesse (1883); Die geschichtliche Enhoicklung der Kirche im neunzehnten Jahrhundert (Giessen, 1887); Aus der Gesehichte ties Christentums (Darmstadt, 1889); Philipp Me. lanehthon and die deutsche Reformation bis 1631 (Halle, 1897); Die Entwicklung der katholischen Kirche im neunzehnten Jahrhundert (Leipsie, 1898); Goethes Stellung zur Religion. and zum Christentum (Freiburg, 1899 ); Die Religion unaerer Klassiker, Lessing, Herder, Schiller, Goethe (Tiibingen, 1904, 2d ed., 1910); Katholizismus and Protestantismua in Geschichte, Religion, Politik, Kultur (Leipsie, 1908); Wilhelm von Humboldt in seinen Briefen (1909); and Christentum and Weltgeschichte bas zur Reformation and seit der Reformation. (2 parts, 1910).

SELLIIY, ERNST FRIEDRICH MAX: Austrian Protestant; b. at Altschwerin (80 m. n.w. of Ber lin), Mecklenburg, May 26, 1867. He was educated at the universities of Rostock, Erlangen, and Leip sic; taught in a gymnasium at Parchim (1891-94); was privat-docent for Old-Testament exegesis at Erlangen (1894 -97); professor of Old-Testament exegesis and archeology in the Evangelical theological faculty of the University of Vienna (1897-