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283 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Schwebel Schweizer echrift far Geschichte des Oberrheina, xxxiv (1882), 223 eqq. Later and more accessible sketches are in M. Adam, Vita Germanorum theologorum, pp. 82 eqq., Heidelberg, 1620; J. G. F. PflOger, Geschichts der Stadt Pforzheim, pp. 805, 338 sqq., Pforzheim, 1881-82; F. Junk Johannes "webel, der Reformator von Zwetbraeken, Kaiserslautern, 1910; J. Ney, in Zeiiachrift fiar bayerischs Kirchopeschichts, 1910, pp. 174 eqq. SCHWEGLER, shveg'ler, FRIEDRICH CARL ALBERT: Distinguished representative of the Tiibingen School; b. at Michelbach, near Halle (35 m. n.e. of Stuttgart), Wurttemberg, Feb. 10, 1819; d. at Tiibingen Jan. 5, 1857. He studied at the seminaries of Schonthal and Tubingen; devoted himself especially to the study of church history; was for nearly a year pastor at Beben hausen; became docent in philosophy at Tiibing en, 1843; professor of Roman literature and an tiquities in 1848; and, shortly before his death, professor of ancient history. He distinguished him self greatly at the university, and studied with zeal the Hegelian philosophy. In 1841 appeared Der Montanismus and die christliche Kirche des zweiten Jahrhunderts (Tiibingen, 1841). Through Strauss's Leben Jesu and other studies he found himself at variance with the teachings of the Church, and published Das nachapostolische Zeitalter (1846 ). It exaggerates the Baur hypothesis of the early Church, and dislocates the origin of the writings of the New Testament. The work asserts that early Christian ity was pure Ebionism (see EBIONITEs) and builds up the history of the early Church on this founda tion. He edited the Clementinischen Homilien (Stuttgart, 1847); and published Die Metaphysik des Aristoteles, text, translation, commentary, and exposition (4 vols., Tiibingen, 1847-48); Geschichte der Phdosophie im Umriss (Stuttgart, 1848; 16th ed., 1905; Eng. transl., New York, 1881); the Historia ecclesix of Eusebius (2 vols., Stuttgart, 1852); Romische Geschichte (3 vols., Ttibingen, 1853-58); and Geschichte der griechischen Philosophie (1859). SCHWEINFURTH, GEORGE JACOB. See CHURCH TRIUMPHANT, I. SCHWEINITZ, shvai'nits, EDMUND ALEXAN DER DE: Bishop of the Unity of the Brethren; b. at Bethlehem, Pa., Mar. 20, 1825; d. at South Bethlehem, Pa., Dec. 18, 1887. He was grad uated from the theological seminary of his denom ination at Bethlehem in 1844; studied at Berlin, 1845; was pastor at Canal Dover, O., 1850; Leb anon, Pa., 1851-53; Philadelphia, 1853-60; Lititz, Pa., 1860-64; and Bethlehem, Pa., 1864-80; and was consecrated bishop in 1870. He was president of the provincial board-Le., the governing board -of the American province of the Unity of the Brethren, and of the theological seminary, 1867-84. He was of 'a family that for more than a hundred years has furnished ministers in an unbroken line to the American branch of the Moravian Church, and was a great-great-grandson of Count Zinzendorf (q v.). He was the author of The Moravian Manual (Philadelphia, 1859), The Moravian Episcopate (Bethlehem, 1865) ; The Life and Times of David Zeisberger (Philadelphia, 1870); Some of the Fathers of the Moravian Church (Bethlehem, 1881); and The History of the Unitas Fratrum (1885). SCHWEITZER, shvoit'ser, ALBERT: German Protestant; b. at Kaysersberg (39 m. s.w. of Strae burg) Jan. 14, 1875. He was educated at the uni versities of Straaburg, Paris, and Berlin (Ph.D., Strasburg, 1899), and since 1902 has been privat docent for New Testament exegesis at Strasburg. He has written Die Religionsphilosophie Kants von der Kritik zur reinen Vernunft bis zur Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft (Freiburg, 1899); Das Abendmahl im Zusammenhang mit dem Leben Jesu and der Geschichte des Urchristentums (2 parts, T(ibingen, 1901); Von Reimarus zu Wrede, eine Geschichte der Leben-Jesu_Forschung (1906; Eng. transl., The Quest for the Historical Jesus; a critical Study of its Progress from Reimarus to Wrede, New York, 1910); and Deutsche and franzosiache Orgelbaukunat and Orgelkunst (Leipsie, 1906). SCHWEIZER, shvait'ser, ALEXANDER: Swiss Protestant theologian, follower of Schleiermacher; b. at Murtsn (15 m. w. of Bern) Mar. 14, 1808; d. at Zurich July 3, 1888. He studied at Zurich, Ber lin, and Jena, and was ordained in 1831. While yet a student he wrote Kritik des Gegensatzes zuriachen Rationalismus and Supranaturalismus, and Dar stellung der V ersuchungsgeschichte (published to gether, Zurich, 1833), in both of which his depend ence on Schleiermacher is evinced. In 1833, while a student at Jena, he received a call as assistant preacher to the Reformed congregation at Leipsic. In 1834, he visited Berlin and saw Schleiermacher for the last time a few weeks before the latter's death, after which he wrote Schkiermacher's Wirk samkeit als Prediger (Halls, 1834). In 1834 he received a call from Zurich as instructor at the newly founded university, where he taught New Testament exegesis and practical theology and acted as vicar at the cathedral. He became full professor in 1840. In the excitement attending the candidacy of Strauss for a position on the faculty at Zurich Schweizer condemned an unfair criticism of the former's Leben Jesu, but, while he recognized the greatness of that work, himself disputed some of the author's main positions, and attempted to prevent his call to Zurich, and, after this call had been given, protested against the action. In his Bvan gelium Johannes fur das Leben Jesu kritisch unr tersucht (Leipsic, 1841) he attempted to show that the Fourth Gospel is composed of two parts, one Galilean, the other Judean, a hypothesis which he later gave up. Meanwhile he had issued Leitfaden zum Unterricht in der chrisdichen Glaubenslehre (Zurich, 1840), which was followed by Die Glaubens lehre der evangelisch-reformierten Kirche (1844-47), an apology for the Reformed doctrine, and supple mented by Die protestantischen Centraldogmen in ihrer Entwicklung innerhalb der reformierten Kirehe (1854-56). In Die christliche Glaubenslehre nach protestantischen Grundsdtzen (Leipsie, 1863-69) he betrays an eminently speculative spirit and a philo sophically monistic point of view, and shows that modern dogmatics must go to the living Christian consciousness for its material. Schweizer paid much attention to ethics (although he issued no formal treatise upon it), especially as connected with threatening social problems. He is also recog-