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nere Mission, in Wurttemberg. In 1881 Schmidt was called to Breslau as professor of systematic and practical theology and New-Testament exegesis, a position which he held until his death. After 1886 he was also a member of the Posen examining committee, and until his death he served as university preacher. His program was outlined in his Die Kirche, ihre biblisehe Idee and die Formen ihrer geschichtlichen Erscheinung in. ihrem Unterschiede vom Sekte and Hdresie (Leipsic, 1884), in which he held that the Church is a constant magnitude, while heresy destroys the fundamental distinction between the kingdom of God (or the Church) and the world, a gap which is bridged by sectarianism. All heresy is prefigured in Gnosticism, and all sectarianism in Ebionism and Montanism, while the phenomena of modern theology are closely akin to this prototype of heresy, which, like modern rationalism, has always rejected the concept of supranaturalistic revelation. He became, therefore, more and more an opponent of Ritschl and his school, but he was unable to carry out his intention of presenting his own doctrinal system in detail, although his contributions to theological periodicals and to the earlier editions of the original of this work make his position plain.

In addition to the works already noted, Schmidt was the author of a Handbuch der Symbolik (Berlin, 1890) and of a series of essays collected under the title Zur Christologie (1892). In 1891, after having repeatedly been the delegate of the faculty to the provincial synod of Posen, he was elected to the general synod. Constantly defending the independence of his communion, even to the last year of his life, he was rector of the university in 1891-92, but his struggle with the school-laws and the opposition of the majority of the faculty to his attitude impaired his health, which had already suffered from the death of his eldest son. (E. SCHMIDT.)

SCHMIDT, NATHANIEL: Ethical culturist; b. at Hudiksvall (170 m. n.n.e. of Stockholm), Sweden, May 22, 1862. He was educated at the gymnasium of his native town, Colgate University (A.B., 1882; A.M., 1887), and the universities of Stockholm (1882-84) and Berlin (1890). From 1888 to 1896 he was connected with Colgate University, where he was successively associate professor of Semitic languages and Hellenistic Greek (1888-90) and professor of Semitic languages and literatures (18901896), and since 1896 has been professor of Semitic languages and literatures in Cornell University. He was director of the American School for Oriental Study and Research in Palestine (1904-05) and of the expedition for the exploration of the Dead Sea and Arabia Petra in 1905. In theology he belongs to the radical school, and has written The Prophet of Nazareth (New York, 1905) ; and The Message of the Poets; the Book of Job and Canticles, and some minor Poems in the Old Testament (1911) ; besides editing Ecclesiasticus for The Temple Bible (London, 1903).

SCHMIDT, PAUL WILHELM: Swiss Protestant; b. at Berlin Dec. 25, 1845. He was educated at the university of his native city, where he was privat-

docent (1869=76); editor of the Proteatantische Kirchenxeitung (1870-76); and general secretary of the Deutscher Protestantenverein (1874-76). Since 1876 he has been professor of New-Testament exegesis and dogmatics in the University of Basel. In addition to his activity as one of the collaborators on the New-Testament section of the Pro testanten-Bibel (Leipsie, 1$73; Eng. tranal. by F. H. Jones, A Short Protestant Commentary on the Books of the New Testament, 3 vols., London, 1882,84), he has written Spinoza and Schleiermacher (Berlin, 1868); Neutestamentliche Hyperkritik, an dem jiingsten Angrif gegen die Aechtheit des Philipperbriefes auf ihre Methods hin untersucht, nebat einer Erkldrung des Briefes (1880); Der crate Thessalonicherbrief neu erkldrt, nebst einem Excurs fiber den zweiten gleichnamigen Brief (1885); Christentum and Weltverneinung (Basel, 1888); Anmerkungen caber die Komposition der Ofenbarung Johannes (Freiburg, 1891); and Geschichte Jesu (vol. i., Tiibingen, 1900; 4th ed., 1904; vol. ii., 1904; popular ed., 1 vol., 1906).

SCHMIDT, WILHELM: German Protestant; b. at Erfurt June 6, 1839. He was educated at the universities of Marburg and Halle (Ph.D., Jena, 1863) ; was pastor at Sch6nstadt (1866), Henschleben (1866-74), and Curtow (1874-94); being also chaplain in the army and in the hospital at Creuznach in 1870-71. Since 1894 he has been professor of systematic theology in the University of Breslau. His works include Zur Inspiratiomfrage (Goths, 1869); Die g6ttliche Vorsehung and das Selbstleben der Welt (Berlin, 1887); Das Gewissen (Leipsie, 1889); Der alts Glaube and die Wahrheit des Christentums (Berlin, 1891); Christliche Dogmatik (2 parts, Bonn, 1895-98); Die Lehre des Apostels Paulus (Giiteraloh, 1898); Der Kampf der Weltanachauungen (Berlin, 1904); Der Kampf um die sittliche Welt (Giltersloh, 1906); Die Forderung einer modernen positiven Theologie in kritischer Beleuchtung (1906); Moderns T,heologie des alten Glaubens in kritischer Beleuchtung (1906); Der Kampf um den Sinn des Lebens von Dante bis Ibsen (2 parts, Berlin, 1907); Die verschiedenen Typen der religidsen Erfahrung and der Psychologie (1908); and Der Kampf um die Seele (1909).

SCHMIDT, WOLDEMAR GOTTLOB: German Protestant theologian; b. at St. Afra in Meissen (14 m. n.w. of Dresden) June 2, 1836; d. at Leipsic Jan. 31, 1888. He studied at Leipsic and Gottingen, 1854-57; taught at the Gymnasia of Plauen, Zwickau, and St. Afra, 1858-66, when he became extraordinary professor in the University of Leipsic, full professor in 1876. His subjects covered mainly the New Testament, but he lectured also on theological encyclopedia and catechetics, also directing two catechetical societies. Owing to his multiplied academic activity, Schmidt found but little time for authorship. His most extensive work in this field is his Lehrgehalt des JacobusBriefes (Leipsic, 1869); he also edited Ephesians in the 5th edition of Meyer's Commentary. His lesser publications include a printed address on the dogma of the Incarnation (1865), and a Reformation anniversary program of 1882, on the narrative