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249 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA schmalkald
declined, not because he found anything objectionable but on the ground that he was not authorized,
and others followed his example, the In the matter was dropped in the interest of Book of peace. The theologians in attendance Concord. and later others affixed their signa tures simply to give in writing their expression of individual concord, without thought, as the council was declined, of issuing a confes sional document of the Schmalkaldic league. A year later Luther issued his document with longer preface and various amplifications of the articles and more acute deductions. Apparently not well informed of what transpired at Schmalkald during his sickness, Luther regarded his articles as an official instrument. In the preface he represented them as adopted, known, and resolved by his party for a basis of defense in the council. This notice may have contributed to the result that, while Me lanchthon's tract retreated more and more into the background, Luther's articles gained in estimation. First, they were placed on the same plane with the Augsburg Confession by the Hessian theologians, 1544. When the elector returned from captivity he remarked that all the dogmatic confusion could have been averted, if the agreement proposed at Schmalkald in 1537 had been adhered to. In the controversies of the fifth decade, it became more and more expedient to class them with the formal confessions, whereby, as the expression of the most genuine Lutheranism, to combat the real or supposed Philippist opinions (see PmmPPIsTS). Adopted in nearly all " bodies of doctrine" begining with Bruns wick, 1563, it was understood that they received acknowledgment by the authors of the Formula of Concord (q.v.), while Melanchthon's tract, whose authorship seems to have been forgotten, was placed in the appendix of the Schmalkald articles in the Book of Concord. Luther's articles written in German were translated by the Danish Petrus Generanus into Latin, Articuli a Reverendo D. Doc tore Martino Luthero seripto, Anno 1638 (Wittenberg, 1541; improved ed., 1542). For Schmalkald League see PHILIP OF HESSE. (T. KOLDE.) BIBLIOGRAPHY: G. L. Plitt, De audoritate articulorum Smalcaldicorum symbolica, Erlangen 1862; F. Sander, Geechichtliehe EinWtung zu den echmalkaldischen Artikeln, in Jahrbiicher Par deutsche Theologie, xx (1875), 475 sqq.; H. Birek, Zu den Beratunpen der Protestanten fiber die Konzilsbulle vom l,. Juni 1636, in ZKG, xiii (1892), 487 sqq.; H. E. Jacobs, Book of Concord passim, 2 vols., Phila delphia, 1893; J. F. Burst, Hist. of the Christian Church, ii. 509 and passim, New York, 1900; Ii;. Thieme, Luther. Testament under Rom, Leipsic, 1900; W. Rosenberg, Der Kaiser and die Protestanten in den Jahren 1637-39, Halle, 1903· Cambridge Modern History, ii. 26, 215 sqq., 232 243, 252-258, New York, 1904; Moeller, Christian Church, iii. 132; Schaff, Creeds, iii. 253-257; idem, Christian Church, vi. 706. Consult also the biographies of Luther.SCHMAL$ALD LEAGUE. See PHILIP OF HESSE. § 4.
SCHMALZ, VALENTIN. See SOCINUS, FAUSTUS, SOCINIANs, I., § 2.
SCHMID, -limit, ALOYS VON: German Roman Catholic, b. at Zaumberg (a village near Immenstadt, 13 m. s.w. of Kempten), Bavaria, Dec. 22,
1825; d. at Munich May 16,1910. He was educatedat the University of Munich (1844-50); was professor in the gymnasium of Zweibrucken (1850-52); professor of philosophy in the Lyceum of Dillingen (1852-66); and after 1866 was professor of apologetics and dogmatics in the University of Munich. He wrote Die Bisturnssynode (2 vols., Regensburg, 1850-51); Entwicklungsgeschichte der Hegel'schen Logik (1858); Thomistische and seotistische Getvissheitslehre (Dillingen, 1859); Wissenachaftliche Riehtungen auf dem Gebiet des Katholizismus (Munich, 1862); Wissenschaft and Autorildt (1868); Untersuchungen fiber den letzten Grund des 0, fenbarunysglaubens (1879); Erkenntnislehre (2 vols., Freiburg, 1890); and Apologetik als spekulative Grundlage der Theologie (1900).
SCHMID, ANDREAS: German Roman Catholic; b. at Zaumberg (a village near Immenstadt, 13 m. s.w. of Kempten), Bavaria, Jan. 9, 1840. He was educated at the University of Munich (D.D., 1866), became subdirector and director of the Georgianum, a seminary for priests at Munich (1865), professor of pastoral theology, homiletics, liturgics, and catechetics in the University of Munich since 1877, though he no longer lectures. He has written Der christliche Altar and sein Schmuck (Regensburg, 1871); Dr. Valentin Thalhofer, Domprobst in Eiehstint, eine Lebenskizze (Kempten, 1892); Gesehichte des Georgiauums (Regensburg, 1894); Caerimoniale Air Priester, Leviten and Ministranten zu den gewohnlichen liturgischen Diensten (Kempten, 1895; 3d ed., 1905); Religi6se Sinnspriiche zu Inschriften auf Kirchengebdude and kirchliche Gegenstdnde in lateinischer and deutscher Sprache (1899); Der Kirchengesang nach den Liturgikern des Mittelalters (1900); and Christliche Symbole aus alter and neuer Zeit (Freiburg, 1909).
SCHMID, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH: German Lutheran; b. at Bickelsberg, in Wurttemberg, in 1794; d. at Tiibingen Mar. 28, 1852. Educated at Maulbronn and Tabingen, he became lecturer in practical theology at the latter university in 1819, associate professor in 1821, and full professor in 1826, holding this Position until his death. Though a member of the committee for the Wurttemberg liturgy of 1840 and of the council for church organization in 1848, he took little part in administrative affairs, nor was he conspicuous as an author, his importance being due rather to his influence as a teacher and a man. Proceeding from the Tiibingen supranaturalism of his time, he later labored successfully for the positive foundations of Lutheranism, maintaining the tendency which had been traditional since the time of Bengel. He lectured on practical, moral, and exegetical theology. He was the author of the posthumous Vorlesungen caber biblische Theologie des Neuen Testaments (Goths, 1853, new ed., 1888; Eng. trans]., Biblical Theology of the New Testament, Edinburgh, 1871), and
Vorlesungen 'ber christliche Sittenlehre (1861).