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A. Petersen, Schleiermacher als Reformator der deutachen Bildunp, Gotha, 1869; P. Diebow, Die Padagogik Schleier· machers, Halle, 1894; O. Kim, Schdeiermacher and die RomanM, Basel, 1895; H. Kefexatein, Schleiermacher als Padagoge, Jena, 1899; R. Wickert, Die PBdagogik Schleiermachera in ihrem VerhdUnia zu seiner . . Ethik, Leipsic, 1907; A. Schweizer, Schleiermachers Wirkaamkeit a1a Prediger dargesteilt, Halle, 1834; J. Bauer, Schleiermacher als Prediger, Giessen, 1908.

SCHLEUSNER, shleis'ner, JOHANN FRIEDRICH: Lutheran theologian; b. at Leipsio Jan. 16, 1759; d. at Wittenberg, Feb. 21, 1831. He received his education in his native city, at the St. Thomas school, and at the university, 1775-$0, where he devoted himself to Biblical philology. He became preacher at the University Church, 1780; instructor, 1781; associate professor of theology at G6ttingen, 1784-90; and full professor, 1790-95; professor at the University and provost at the central church at Wittenberg from 1795; and with the abolition of the university, first director of the Homiletic Institute and second director of the Seminary at Wittenberg. His lectures were mainly in NewTestament exegesis, but treated also somewhat of Old-Testament exegesis, dogmatics, and homiletics. His two main works were, Lexicon grwco-latinum in Novum Testamentum (Leipsic, 1792; 4th ed., 1819); and Thesaurus seu lexicon in, LXX (1820-21). The latter contains all the vocabulary of the Greek Old Testament with the Hebrew equivalents.

(E. REusst.)

SCHLICHTING, JONAS. See SOCINUs, FAusTus, SOCINIANs, I., § 2.

SCHLOEGL, shlD'gl, NIVARD JOHANN BAPTIST: Austrian Cistercian; b. at Gaaden (a village near Mddling, 8 m. s.s.w. of Vienna), June 4, 1864. He was educated at the Cistercian abbey at Heiligenkreuz, near Vienna (1876-80), the Obergymnasium at Wiener Neustadt (1880-84), and again at the abbey and the University of Vienna (18851889; D.D., 1894). He was consecrated to the priesthood in 1889, when he became connected with the abbey of Heiligenkreuz, where he was professor of Greek in 1889-91, 1892-93, 1894, and 1902-03, and professor of Old-Testament and Semitics, 18961908; and since 1908 professor of oriental languages and Old-Testament exegesis at Vienna. He was master of the novices at Heiligenkreuz, 1890-1908, and festival-preacher in the abbey-church in 18931894, and 1895-96. In 1906 he succeeded B. Schider as editor of the Leo-Gesellschaft's Kurzgefasster toissenschaftlicher Comm-tar zu den heitigen Schriften, to which he has contributed Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles (Vienna, 1904, 1907). He has also edited the Hebraw text of Ecclesiasticus xxxix, 12-xlix. 16 (Vienna, 1901), of Canticles (1902), and Samuel (1905), and Kings and Chronicles (1909), and has written Geist des heiligen Bernhard (4 vols., Paderborn, 1898-99), and De re metrics veterum Hebreeorum (Vienna, 1899).

SCHLOTTMANN, shlot'man, CONSTANTIN: German theologian; b. at Minden (60 m. e.n.e. of Munster) Mar. 7 1819; d. at Halle Nov. 8, 1887. He studied at the University of Berlin, devoting himself especially to philology and philosophy, and

then turned to theology, where he came under the lasting influence of A. Neander. He then studied the practical side of the work of the ministry at the Wittenberg Seminary, but returning to Berlin, 1842, was induced to enter the academic career. Supporting himself awhile by private teaching he ha, bilitated in the Old Testament in 1847. His commentary on the Book of Job (Berlin, 1851) was his first important work. For a time he served in Constantinople as chaplain of the embassy; there he became acquainted with modern Greek and Turkish, and traveled in the East adding to the range of his oriental scholarship. In 1855, he was called to Zurich, where he lectured not only on the Old but also on the New Testament, and on systematic theology. He was ordinary professor at Bonn, 1859-66, and at Halle, 1866,87. He was able to point out at all points the relations of Hebrew and Indo-Germanic culture as well as the connections of Hebrew writings and the monuments of classic antiquity, and brought to good service his firsthand knowledge of oriental life. For criticism he was disinclined, especially the newer criticism of the Old Testament, as he showed in his Kompenr drum der Biblischen Theologw des alter and Neuen Testaments (Leipsic, 1889-95). Besides numerous contributions On various Old-Testament antiquities, he published, Die Inschrift Eschmunazars, KBnig der Sidonier (Halle, 1868), and Die Siegessdule Mesa's, K6nig der Moabiter (1870). He lectured also on apologetics, from which grew his writings David Strauss als Romantiker des Heidenthums (1878), and Die Osterbotschaft and Visionshypothem (1886). He was a member and president of the commission for the revision of Luther's translation of the Bible after 1871, and appeared as an anxious antagonist of the rising ultramontanism, which gave rise to his Erasmus redivivus (1889).

(ERNST Kt1HN.)

SCHMALKALD, shm61'kold, ARTICLES: A

written instrument of Luther received into the sym

bolic books of the Lutheran Church and so named

after 1553. After the insistent demands of the

German estates during several decades and the re

newed urging of the emperor, Paul III.

Origin. issued a call for a council to meet at

Mantua May 8, 1537. The question

arose as to the attitude of the Evangelicals. Elec

tor Johann Friedrich of Saxony, who took the most

active interest, appeared at Wittenberg June 24,

1536, and through his chancellor submitted four

articles for an opinion from the theologians and

jurists, in order to forearm himself and confederates

for the coming council. Two days later the elector

submitted that the council be wholly declined inas

much as a reception of the summons would imply

the recognition of the pope as the head of the

Church. After a session that closed Aug. 6, the

opinion prepared by Melanchthon was returned that

if the pope would summon the Protestant estates

like the rest he did not yet regard their princes as

heretics, and that by giving audience to the papal

nuncio no acknowledgment of papal power was im

plied, and so far the invitation was not to be de.