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Schleiermacher THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG 242 The Monologen reveal the development of Schlei ormacher's distinctive ethical theories. Kantian influence is much diminished here, 4. The and the " Monologues " form a hymn "Mono- to higher humanity, whose elements logues "; are set forth as purity of will, superi- Stolpe ority over fate, individual training, Period. and devotion to mankind. During his two years' residence in Stolpe Schleier macher had ample opportunity to practise the su periority over fate which he preached, and this period of relative isolation and deprivation of books was not lost in his development, especially as it was favorable to the translation of Plato which he had begun in Berlin; the first volume ap peared in 1804, a year later than his Grund linien einer Kritik der bisherigen Sittenlehre. This latter work supplements the ethical theory of the " Monologues " by establishing for the first time the triple division of ethics into the theories of duty, virtue, and good by the coordination of these classes, thus affording a glimpse of the dis tinctive foundation of Schleiermacher's ethics. At this period in his Zwei unvorgreiflichen Gutachten in Sachen des protestantischen Kirchenwesens zunachst in Beziehung auf den preussischen Staat, he advo cated a closer union between Lutherans and Re formed, a freer form of worship, and an educational and social improvement of the clergy.

In 1804 the government refused to sanction his call to the projected Protestant theological faculty of W iirzburg, and appointed him instead to Halle as extraordinary professor, where he lec5. At Halle; tured on New-Testament exegesis,

Call to philosophical and theological ethics, Berlin. introduction to theology, introduction to church history, and dogmatics. In 1806 he became full professor and university preach er. During this Halle period Schleiermacher pub lished, besides two more volumes of his translation of Plato, his Weihnachtsfeier (1805) and his treatise on I Tim. in the form of a letter to Joachim Chris tian Gass (q.v.). The former treatise is a dialogue on the signification of Christ and his work of re demption. In the treatise on I Tim. Schleiermacher seeks to prove that the epistle is a compilation from the other two pastoral epistles, and the discussion opened the way to a strict study of the pastoral epistles. Meanwhile the fall of JOna and Napoleon's hatred of the German spirit of Halle had caused the suspension of lectures there. Schleiermacher seized the opportunity by his sermons to link the spirit of patriotism and the life of the Church. In the win ter of 1807, however, he went to Berlin, where he had already lectured on Greek philosophy. Here, at the newly founded university, Schleiermacher lectured after Jan., 1808, on ethics and theological encyclopedia, and in the winter of 1808-09 on dog matics and politics. His Gelegendiche Gedanken caber Universitdten im deutschen Sinn (1808) gives his views on the functions of the university. In the spring of 1809 he became preacher at the Dreifai tigkeitskirche in Berlin, and in 1809-10 also lec tured on Christian ethics and hermeneutics. When, in the autumn of 1810, the University of Berlin was formally opened, Schleiermacher became the first

dean of the theological faculty. From 1810 to 1814 he was also a member of the department of public instruction in the ministry of the interior.

To the period here under consideration belongs what may be termed Schleiermacher's theological program-the Kurze DarsteUung des theologischen Studiums (1811). According to this

6. Inci- theology is a positive science, being dental directed to the solution of a practical

Activities, problem. The real soul of theology is :8a-3Z. its interest in Christianity as it lives in the Church, and the theologian's ideal is the union of this living interest with the widest scientific spirit. Schleiermacher divides the domain of theological knowledge into philosophical, historical, and practical. The first, as apologetics, gives the basis of piety and Christianity, and the special characteristics of Protestantism; while as polemics it is directed against such internal evils as indifferentism and separatism. Historical theology he divides into exegesis, church history, dogmatics, and statistics. The new element in this system is the incorporation of dogmatics and ethics in the historical department, a result of Schleiermacher's view that dogma in itself is not knowledge. His new science of statistics seems only now to be re ceiving the Attention which it deserves. This troubled period was a time of stress for Schleier macher. In the matter of union of the Lutheran and Reformed churches he, not without good rea son, mistrusted the practicability of the govern ment's scheme of organization. Although the union of 1817 was forced on the churches instead of being an expression of their spontaneous religious con victions, he supported such union, and maintained this position through the period of controversy that ensued. One of these disputes evoked his Ueber den eigentiemlichen Wert and das bindende Aufsehen symbolischer Biicher, in which he limited the author ity of the creeds to those expressions of the Protes tant spirit which set forth the religious experience of the period of the Reformation and separated Protestantism from other systems of belief. The controversies of these years, combined with his teaching, left him scant leisure for writing. Never theless, he published a third volume of sermons in 1814, and in 1817 his Kritischer Versuch iiber die Schriften des Lukas, in which he traced the tradi tion of the Gospels to the primitive Christian com munity and maintained that it developed through oral transmission and fragmentary notes to the form of definite compilation. In ! 832 he returned to the problem, and in his Ueber die Zeugnisse des Papias von unsern beiden ersten Evangelien was the first to suggest that the Gospel of Matthew is a collection of apothegms.

Since 1819 Schleiermacher's energy had been devoted to the preparation of his Christlicher Glaube nach dcn Grundsatzen der evangelischen Kirche im Zusammenhang dargestellt (1821-22). The introduction to this work seeks to determine the place occupied by Christian piety in the spiritual life of society and to fix the scientific formulation appropriate to its articles of belief. Ethics must determine the concept of the Church, the philosophy of religion the grades and varieties of religion, and