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233 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA 8che1Hng 3chenkel J. T. Schwarz, Schelling's alte and new Philosophic, Ber lin, 1844; A. J. Matter, Sohelling, ou la philosophic de la nature, Paris, 1845; A. Engels, Schelling and die Of'en tarung, Leipsic, '1842; C. Kapp, F. W. J. Schelling: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Tages, Leip3ic, 1843; P. Mar heineke, Zur Kritik der sehellingschen Ofenbarungsphi losophie, Berlin, 1843· C. L. Michelet, Patwickelungsge schichte der neuesten deutschen Philosophic, Berlin, 1843; C. Rosenkranz, Schelling, Danzig, 1843; C. A. Brandis, Gedddchtnissrede auJ F. W. J. von Schelling, Berlin, 1856; Fichte's and Schelling's philosophischer Briefwechsel, Stutt gart, 1856; J. E. Erdmann, Ueber Schelling, namentlich seine negative Philosophic, Halle, 1857; R. Haym, Hegel and seine Zeit, Berlin, 1857; A. Planck, Schelling's nach gelassene Werke and ihre Bedeutung fur Philosophic and Theologie, Erlangen, 1858; H. Beckers, Schelling's Geistes entwickelung in ihrem inneren Zusammenhang, Munich, 1875; T. Hoppe, Die Philosophic Schellings and ihr Ver hdltniss cum Christenthum, Rostock, 1875; 0. Pfleiderer, F. W. J. Schdling: Gedhchtnissrede, Stuttgart, 1875; C. Frantz, Schelling's positive Philosophic, 3 parts, CSthen, 1879-80; J. Watson, Schelling's Transcendental Idealism, Chicago, 1882; R. Gebel, Schelling's Theorie vom Ich des All-Einen and deren Widerlegung, Berlin, 1885; K. Groos, Die reine Vernunftwissenschaft, Heidelberg, 1889; E. 0. Burman, Die Transcendentalphilosophie Fichtes and Schellings, Upsala, 1891; F. Schaper, Schelling's Philo8o phie der Mythologic, Nauen, 1893; ,idem, Schelling's Phi losophic der O$enbarung, Nauen, 1894; E. von Hart mann, Schelling s ph4losophisches System, Leipsie, 1897; L. Roth, Schellang and Spencer, Bern, 1901; K. Fischer, Geschichte der neueren Philosophic, vol. vi., Heidelberg, 1894; idem, Schellings Leben, Werke and Lehre, 3d ed., ib. 1902; M. Adam, Schellings Kunstphilosophie, Leipsie 1907; G. Niehlis, Schelling's Geschichtsphilosophie in . . . 1799-1804, Heidelberg, 1907. SCHELWIG, s)Iel'vig, SAMUEL: Lutheran theo logian and opponent of the Pietists; b. at Lissa (54 m. n.n.w. of Breslau) Mar. 8, 1643; d. at Danzig Jan. 18, 1715. He was the son of a Silesian preacher, and studied at Breslau and at Wittenberg, where he became an adjunct in the philosophical faculty in 1667; he went to Thorn as associate rector of the gymnasium in 1668; to Danzig in 1673, where he was subsequently appointed pastor of Dreifaltigkeits kirche, and rector of the academical gymnasium in 1685. Rigorously orthodox, ambitious, and quarrelsome, he soon became involved in a variety of conflicts. In Danzig he fell into strife with one of his colleagues, Constantine SchiAze, the contest taking literary form in tracts and being continued until the city magistracy stopped the dispute (1693). The conflict between Schelwig and Spener then began. What particularly increased and embittered the strife was a journey undertaken by Schelwig through Northern Germany, the purpose of which his opponents asserted to be the forming of a con federation against Pietism. His most comprehen sive anti-Pietistic work bears the title Die sektierer ische Pietisterei (Danzig, 1696-97), which called forth a number of replies. In Schelwig's Sympsas eontroversariarum sub pietatis prcetextu motarum (1701, 1703, 1720) he sought to demonstrate 264 Pietistic errors, which evoked replies from J. W. Zierold, pastor at Stargard, and J. Lange. Among the many orthodox opposers of Pietism, Schelwig was one of the readiest in equipment, but his methods were bitter and unclerical. C. MIRBT. BIBLIOGRAPHY J. G. Waleh, Religionssereitipkeiten der evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche, i. 602-603, 739-746, v. 749-750, 849 et passim, Jena, 1733; E. Schnaase, Ge schichte der evangelischen Kirche Danzios, pp. 332-353. Danzig, 186.'3; S. Schmid, Die Geschichte des Pietismus, pp. 228-236. NSrdlingen, 1863; E. Sachsse, Ursprung and Wesen des Pietismus, pp. 321-332 W iesbaden, 1884; j A. Ritsehl, Geschichle des Pietismw, vol. Ii. Bonn, 1884; P. Griinberg, Philipp Jakob Spener, 1. 297-302, Gdttina- en, 1893; ADB, xxxi. 30-36.
SCHENCK, FERDINAND SCHUREMAN: Reformed (Dutch); b. in Ulster County, N. Y., Aug. 6, 1845. He was graduated from Princeton University (B.A., 1865; M.A., 1868), Albany Law School (LL.B., 1867), and New Brunswick Theological Seminary (1872); engaged in the practise of law, 1867-69; was licensed by the classis of Ulster, 1872; served as pastor at Clarkstown, N. Y., 1872-77, at Montgomery, 1877-90, at Hudson, 1890-97, and at University Heights, New York City, 1897-99; became professor of practical theology in the New Brunswick Theological Seminary, 1899, where he has since remained, serving also as acting professor of philosophy in Rutgers College, 1904-05, and acting professor of ethics and evidences of Christianity there, 1906-07, also as acting professor of homiletics in Princeton Theological Seminary since 1909. 'He is the author of The Ten, Commandments in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1889); Bible Reader's Guide (1896); The TenCommandments and the Lord's Prayer (1902); Modern Practical Theology (1903); Sociology of the Bible (1909); and Christian Evidences and Ethics (1910).
SCHENK, JAKOB. See ANTrnioanaNmM AND ANTINOMIAN CONTROVERSIES.
SCHENKEL, shenk'el, DANIEL:. Evangelical theologian; b. at Dagerlen, near Winterthur (12 m. n.e. of Zurich), Dec. 21, 1813; d. at Heidelberg May 18, 1885. He bore arms for three years in the Basel war of 1831. In the study of theology he was greatly influenced by W. M. L. de Wette (q.v.), by whom he was convinced of the necessity of critical investigation. After a period of study of primitive Christianity and church history at G6ttingen, he returned to Basel, where, in 1838, he habilitated with the thesis, Dissertatio critica et historica de ecclesia Corinthia prima;va factionibus turbata (Basel, 1838). in the mean time he edited the Baseler Zeitung which opposed the ecclesiastical and political radicalism of the time. In 1841 he was called as head preacher to Schaffhausen. He made important changes in the church organization, and his sermons attracted wide attention, even in the univerr sity circle. Schenkel first obtained scientific recognition by the publication of his Wesen des Protestan.tismus arcs den Quellen des Reformationazeitalters dargestellt (3 vols., Schaffhausen, 1846-51), which was supplemented with Des Prinzip des Protestantismu.s (1852). In 1850, he returned to Basel as professor, his inaugural address being on Die Idee der Personlichkeit (1850). The following year he was called to Heidelberg where he remained until his death.
As university preacher and head of the theological seminary, Schenkel had noteworthy success. A series of events-open opposition to the Jesuit mission at Heidelberg, 1851, protest against the new liturgy of the former Durlach Conference adopted by the synod in 1855, the strife over the agenda in 1858, the transactions concerning the Concordat, 1859, which threatened a combination of the ministry of Stengel and the church r6gime of Baden these