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213 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Ssaa ~nianr

history. The narrative is supported by contemporary songs like those given or suggested in I Sam. xviii. 7; II Sam. i.17 aqq., and it is a misapprehension of its realistic character to assert (Winekler) that the name Saul is not the name of a man but of a moongod. Cheyne's fantastic assertion (EB., iv. 4305) that Saul was a Jerahmeelite is just as unfounded. Saul's reign began promisingly and remained powerful to the end. He secured Hebrew independence and fought victoriously against Philistines, Amalekites, Moabites, Ammonites, Edomites, and Aram Zoba. He also did good service in rooting out heathen practises (I Sam. x$viii. 3). His downfall was due to the loss of that humility with which he began hiss reign and to his growing self-will. His degeneration can be traced step by step, although he was not wanting in greatness of soul even to the end. ' (C. VON 0$ELM.)

BIBLIoaasra:: The commentaries and other works on I Samuel; the literature under DAvm; and the works on that period of Hebrew history cited under Asses; IasAAL, HIsToR: or; and SAMUEL. Consult further: J. A. Miller, Saul the First King of larael, London, 1888; W. J. Deans, Samuel and Saul, ib. 1888; T. K. Cheyne, Aide to the Devout Study of Criticism, pp. 1-128, ib. 1892; F. $chwally, SemitiwAe KrWaaltertfamer, Leipsie, 1901; H. P. Smith, Old Testament History, chap. vii., New York, 1903; G. Beer, Saul, David, Solomon, Tubingen 1908; 8 A. Cook Critical Notes on O. T. History; the Traditions of Saul and David, London, 1907; DB, iv. 412-415; EB, iv. 4302-14 (elaborate); JE, xi. 74-78; Vigourou:, Dictionnaire, faso. zuv. 1500-07.

SAUM, KONRAD. See SAM.

SAUMUR, sS'mur: A town of France (155 m. s.w. of Paris) on the Loire, famous as the seat of the Protestant academy founded in 1598 by the national synod of Montpellier, and suppressed by royal edict Jan. 8, 1685. The academy, which developed the first fertile school of criticism in modern theology, owed to a certain extent both its existence and its scientific character to Philippe Duplessis-Momay, the governor of the place, who watched the young institution with great tenderness (see Du PLESsis MORNAY, PHILIPPE, 1 5). The Scotchman John Cameron (q.v.) became one of its first professors, and brought with him that spirit of free and independent research which afterward characterized the academy. Three of his disciples became professors there nearly at the same time, Morse Amyraut (q.v.), Josu6 de la Place (see PLACEUB), and Louis Cappel (see CAPPEL, 3). The theological significance of the school is in large part due to the theory of hypothetical universalism connected with the name of Amyraut, and the Biblical researches of Cappel.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: A. Schweizer, Die proteatantixAs Cotraldopmen in ihrer Entwicklunp innarhalb der reformirten Kirche, ii. 439-583, Zurich, 1858; Schaff, Creeds, i. 478 sqq.; Lichtenberger, ESR, xi. 487-472.

SAUR, CHRISTOPH. See SowER.

SAURIN, sb-ran', JACQUES: The greatest pulpit orator of French Protestantism; b. at Nliles Jan. 6, 1677; d. at The Hague Dec. 30, 1730. He was educated at Geneva, to which he had been taken as a child on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, .and in 1701 was ordained to the ministry. He immediately went to England, and for four years was pastor of the Walloon congregation in London, until a

position was especially created for him at The Hague in 1705, which he filled until his death. Through all these years his fame as a preacher steadily increased, and multitudes listened to his sermons, attracted not only by the diction, logic, and delivery of his addresses, but even more by the deep religious conviction and adherence to the Gospel which pervaded him. Apart from his sermons, his two chief works were his Discours historiques, cri tiques, th6ologiques et moraux sur les gvfxments les plus memorables du Vieux et du Nouveau Testament (4 vols., with 7 vols. of continuations by P. Roques and C. S. de Besusobre, Amsterdam, 1720-39; Eng. tranal. of Vol. i., on the Pentateuch, by I. Chamberlayne, London, 1723) and LItat du Chris tianisme en France (part i., The Hague, 1725-27). By far his most important productions, however, were his sermons, of which he himself published five volumes, and his son, Philippe Saurin, seven (best ed., The Hague, 1749; Eng. transl. by R. Robinson, H. Hunter, and J. Sutcliffe, 7 vols., Blackburn and London, 1800-06, and by S. Burder, 6 vols., London, 1824). These addresses, many of which have also been published individually and in selections, both in the original and in trans lation, range over the most diverse themes, from dogmatic theology to Christian social life. The underlying spirit in them all is essentially that of the French Reformed type of Biblical Christianity, though with a strongly ethical and practical, even a subjective and mystical, strain, while the apologetic element is also often present. The sermons are of great length, many of them doubtless requiring two hours to deliver; yet they are so compact that even their minutest subdivisions would frequently furnish material for a large number of sermons of ordinary preachers. On the other hand, both style and diction are often careless and hasty, and his sermons share the common fault of the time in the display of learning which burdens them, especially in the opening portions. In the exposition, however, and still more in the peroration, Saurin's genius reaches its climax, but in form and taste he is in ferior to Bossuet, in delicacy and depth he falls be low Bourdaloue, and in pathos he can not compare with MAssillon. His worst fault, however, was lack of sympathy, despite his loftiness, his intellectuality, and his earnestness, and it was due to this deficiency that he never became popular and that he is now little read. (C. PFENDER.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Biographies are by: J. J. van 0osteraee, Brussels, 1858; J. P. Gaberel and Des Hours-Farel, Geneva, 1884. Consult further: C. A. Coquerel, Hint. des Mine du dhert, i. 241 eqq., Paris, 1841; P. A. Bayous, Hint. de la litdirature franfaiae, ii. 108 sqq., Paris, 1853; C. Weiss, Hid. des rQuoies Protestantes de France, ii. 83 eqq., Paris, 1853; A. R. Vinet, Hid. de la pr6dication parmi les r6formea de France au 17. aidcle, pp. 597-714, Paris, 1880; E. A. Berthault, Saurin d la pridication proteatante, Paris, 1875; E. Lambert, Basai homilftique sur la pr6dioation de Saurin, Montauban, 1892; Lichtenberger, ESR, u. 472-475.

SAUSSAYE, PIERRE DANIEL CHANTEPIR DE LA. See CHANTEPIE DE LA SAUSBAYE.

SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON: Unitarian; b. at Norridgewock, Me., June 10, 1841; - graduated at Bangor Theological Seminary, 1864; became Con-