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not less than thirty-six agree with the Samaritan Targum exactly and seven others do not invalidate the conclusion stated above as to the relation of the Greek to the Samaritan; this is, however, disputed by others (Monatsschrift fur Geschichte and Vmwnschaft des Judenthums, 1894, pp. 1-7, 49-67; ZDMG, xlvii., 1893, pp. 650 sqq.). The investigations of Kohn have shown that the views which have prevailed respecting the Samaritan Targum were erroneous. The grammars and lexicons hitherto have contained many false words and explanations, and what has passed as the Samaritan Targum was a poor exemplar of varied and unrelated writings, corrupted and distorted, with attempted corrections, the products of a time when Samaritan had long been disused, with interpolations from the Targum of Onkelos and with Arabisms; in short of the original Targum probably only small fragments are known. The tendencial changes represent accommodations, running through centuries, to all possible variations in views (Sadducean, Pharisaic, Syrian, and Arabic), and are the work of a number of different hands; the indications are not that a fundamental targum serves as the basis, but that by different priests partial translations were made for practical purposes. There is also a translation of the Pentateuch into Arabic, made in the eleventh or twelfth century, probably to supersede that of Saadia. The text current under the name of Abu Said is the result of two or more recensions. It does not seem to have used the Targum, though the latter may have received insertions from the translation; the Arabisms in the Targum, where they do not agree with the translation, are possibly of the time of Abu Said and rest upon another Arabic version.

Another piece of Samaritan literature is the Arabic Book of Joshua, perhaps of the thirteenth century, dealing with history from the death of Moses to that of Joshua in thirty-eight chapters, often in

agreement with the Hebrew Joshua, 2. Other but with apocryphal additions, and an Early appendix of nine chapters carrying the

Writings. story down to the time of Alexander Severus. It is claimed that it was written in Hebrew originally, but possibly the whole work was composed in Arabic. There is, moreover, also written in Arabic, the Samaritan Chronicle of Abu'1 Fath, an apology for the Samaritans,' based upon older works in 1355 A.D., coming down to Mohammed, and continued by another hand to the time of Harun al-Rashid. Both these works are historically worthless. There is also the so-called Neubauer Chronicle, and. the recently edited SamaritanHebrew Chronicle issued by Adler and Seligsohn (see below, 4, § 2, end).

4. Literature on the Samaritans: The following

gives the principal works dealing with the history and liter

ature of the Samaritans. (1) C. Cellariu° Collectanalhistoriw

Samaritans, Zeitz, 1688; idem, Exercitatio, Oentis Samari

tana hiatortam et corimonias, post ejusdem auctoris Collec

tanea . . magis illustrans, Halle, 1707

1. On the (these two books constitute the chief source);

History E. W. Hengstenberg, Die Authentie des Pen

of the tateuchea, i. 1-46, Berlin, 1836 (apologetic);

Samaritans. Robinson, Researches, v ol. iii.; T. G. J.

Juynboll, Commentarii in hiatoriam gentis

Samaritana, Leyden, 1846 (the best collection of the older

msterisl); A. Knobel, Zur Geschichts der Samaritaner, Gies-

son, 1846; J. Grim-, Die Samariter and Are Stelluny zur Welipeschichte, Munich, 1854; H. Petermann, Reiaen in Orient, i. 260-292, Leipsic, 1860; Heidenheim, in DeutwAe Vierteljahraschrift, i. 9 sqq., 374 sqq.; J. W. Nutt, Sketch of Samaritan History, Dogma, and Literature London, 1874; A. Cowley, in JQR, 1896, pp. 562 eqq. [J. A. Montgomery, The Samaritans, Philadelphia, 1907; Jacob, Son of Aaron (high priest of the Samaritans), The Messianic Hope of the Samaritans, tranal. from the Arabic by Abdullah bon %ori, ad. with Introduction by W. E. Barton, Chicago, 1908; J. W. Rothstein, Juden and Samaritaner . Die prundlegende Scheidunp von Judentum and Heidentum. Eine kntische Studio zum Buche Haggai and our yudiscken Geschichte i m ersten nachaxilischen Jahrhunderf, Leipsic, 1908.] (2) On individual points in history: J. F. Zacharis, De Samaritanis eorumque templo in monte Garizim, Jena, 1723; Schulz, De implacabili Judworum in Samaritas odio, Wittenberg, 1756; D. Mill, De causis odii Judooa inter atque Samaritanoe in Dissertationes aelectd, Leyden, 1743; S. de Sacy, Chrestomathis Arabic, i. 163 eqq., ii. 177 eqq., Paris, 1806 (extract from Makrisi's " Description of Egypt "); idem, Mbmoire our I'itat actual des Samaritains, ib. 1812, in extended form in Notices et extraits des manuwrita de la bibliotheque du rot, pp. 1-39, ib. 1831 (deals especially with the dogmatics of the Samaritans); Gesenius, De Samaritanorum theologia ex fontibus ineditis, Halle, 1723; J. J. L. Bar&, Les Samaritains de Naplouse, Paris, 1855; G. H. A. von Ewald, Gewhiehte des Volkes Israel, iii. 724 sqq., iv. 129 eqq., 197 sqq., 274 sqq., GSttingen, 1864-66; M. Appal, Quostiones de rebus Samaritanorum sub imperio Romano per'actis, Breslau, 1874; A. Brall, Zur Geschichte and Litteratur des Samaritaner, Frankfort, 1876; Geiger, in ZDMG, xi. 730 sqq., xii. 132 sqq., xiv. 622 eqq., xvi. 389 sqq., xx. 527 eqq.; Taglieht, Der Kuthtier ale Beobachter des Gesetzes, Erlangen. 1888; L. Wreschner, Samaritanische Traditionen, Berlin, 1888 (includes materials from the twelfth century). (3) Interchange of correspondence between Samaritans and Europeans is contained in C. F. Schnurrer, Samaritanischer Briefwechsel, in Repertorium fur biblische and morpenldndische Litteratur, ix. 1 sqq.; S. de Sacy, Litterce Samaritanorum ad J. Scaligerum, in the same, xiii. 257 sqq.; Allarius, Epiatoloe Samaritans Sichemitarum ad J. Ludolfum, Zeits, 1688; Bruns, Epistola Samaritana Sichemitarum tertia ad J. Ludolfum, Helmstlldt, 1781; S. de Sacy, in Notices et extraits des manuscrits de la btbliotUque du rot, xii. 1-235, Paris, 1831; ZDMG, xvii. 375-376; Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift, i. 78 eqq.; ZDPV, 1885, 149 sqq.; JQR, vol. xvi.-no. 63; Bibliotheca sacra, lx. 610; and a letter in facsimile and translation to King Oscar of Sweden, Upsala, 1897.

(1) On the grammar of the language consult: F. Uhlemann, Institutiones linguoe Samaritan, Leipsic, 1837; G. J.

Nicholls, A Grammar of the Samaritan Lam 2. On the guage with Extracts and Vocabulary, London, Sacred or 1858; H. Petermann, Brevia lingum Samari$emi-Sacred tanm prammatica, litteratura, chrestomathia,