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BIBLIOGRAPHY: C. F. Arnold, Die Auarottung des Protestantismu8 in Salzburg under Erzbiachof Firmian, Halle, 2 parts, 1900-1901; idem, Vertreibung der Salzburper Protestanten and ihre Aufnahme bei dem Glaubensgenossen, Leipsie, 1900; S. Urlaperger, Auaffihrliche Nachricht von den Salsburger Emigranten, Halle, 1735; J. L. von Caspari, Adenmsssige Geschichte der Salzburger Emigranten, Salzburg, 1790; J. R. F. Obstfelder, Die evangeliachen Salzburger, Naumburg, 1857; L. Clarus, Die Auswanderung der prote8tantiach-pesinnten Salzburger, Innsbruck, 1864; T. FBrater, Die evangeliachen Salzburper, Halle, 1884; A. Hoese and H. Eiehert, Die Salzburper. Geachichte der im Jahre 1732 in Liuauen eingewanderten Salzburger, Gumbinnen, 1902; C. Blume, Die Vertreibung der evangelischen Salzburger, Leipsie, 1904; G. Nieritz, Die protestantiachen Salsburger and deren Vertreibung, Constance, 1907. A bibliography is provided in E. Dannappel, Die Literatur der Salzburger Emigration, 173,2-36, Stuttgart, 1886.

SAM (SOX, SAUM), KONRAD: Reformer of Ulm; b. at Rottenacker (15 m. s.w. of Ulm) 1483; d. at Ulm June 20, 1533. After studying at Freiburg, Tubingen, and some other university (perhaps Basel), he became parish preacher at Brackenheim in W drttemberg in 1520. He was already an adherent of the Reformation, and his advocacy of the new doctrines exposed him to such hostility that only the encouragement of Luther kept him from resigning his position. In May, 1524, however, he was dismissed, ostensibly for harboring Johann Eberlin (q.v'), whereupon his stepbrother, Sebastian Fischer, secured for him an appointment at Ulm " to preach the word of God in purity without the addition of the doctrines of men, in peace and without strife." Despite his many excellent qualities, he lacked the power of organization and was both harsh and violent, and his position was complicated by his estrangement from Luther, with a corresponding attraction to (Ecolampadius and Zwingli. Nevertheless, Sam soon enjoyed high favor throughout Upper Swabia, gaining entire control of the church in Ulm in 1526 and also furthering the cause of the Reformation in Memmingen. In the same year the course adopted by the Diet of Speyer encouraged the magistracy of Ulm to proceed with the work of the Reformation in their city, and private baptism and the marriage of the clergy were now permitted, Sam himself taking advantage of this opportunity to make public his union with a Bavarian woman. In 1528 the new schoolmaster, Michael Brodhag of G6ppingen, published Sam's Christenliehe vnderweysung der Jungen, a catechism based on the 130 questions of Agricola, as well as on Capito and Althamer, but omitting all discussion of the sacraments. A hymnal and a Ger-

man Psalter followed in 1529, but, on the other hand, Anabaptism was rife, and the introduction of Protestant communion was forbidden as late as Feb., 1530. Meanwhile Sam was inveighing rabidly against both Roman Catholic and Lutheran eucharistic doctrine, his words incurring the opposition of the Protestant Billican and Althamer (qq.v.) and the Roman Catholic Johann Faber (q.v.), and Johann Ulrici. Johann Eck (q.v.) now demanded the removal of Sam, whom he challenged to a disputation, and the Ulm magistracy in perplexity appealed to Nuremberg, which advised that Sam be dismissed. The council, however, not only permitted Sam to attend the disputation at Bern, but remained wavering between the Swiss and Saxon types of doctrine. After the Diet of Speyer in 1529 Uhn decided to join the Schmalkald League, and at Augsburg it refused to accept either the Augsburg or the Tetrapolitan Confession. Sam, in disgust, thought of leaving Ulm, but the, decision of the Diet of Augsburg (1530) brought matters to a crisis; Ulm went over to the Schmalkald League; the municipality determined to carry out the Reformation; and, at the instance of Sam, (Ecolampadius was summoned from Basel, Butzer from Strasburg, and Blaurer from Constance. On June 16, 1531, mass was abolished, and exactly a month later the Lord's Supper was celebrated in Protestant fashion. On Aug. 6 a new agenda, similar to that of Basel, was promulgated, but though after (Ecolampadius and Butzer returned home (Blaurer remaining to promote the Reformation in Geislingen) other men were called to Ulm to take their places, a heavy burden still rested upon Sam. The zeal of the people and of the council relaxed, the Roman Catholics and the Anabaptists redoubled their activity, it proved difficult to secure capable preachers, the magistracy ruled the Church arbitrarily, and the deaths of (Ecolampadius and Zwingli were severe blows to the Protestants in Ulm. The latter now sought Lutheran support, and at a conference held at Schweinfurt in Apr., 1532, they determined, in Sam's presence, to accept the Augsburg Confession and Apology. Sam was intensely embittered, especially against Luther, but within the year he fell ill, and between March and June, 1533, had three strokes of apoplexy, succumbing to the third. Sam's catechism was reprinted, with a chapter on the sacraments and revised in a Zwinglian spirit, at Augsburg in 1540; his sermon at the disputation of Bern was printed by K. Schmid in his Die Predigen so vonn den fr6mbdenPredicanten . . . beschehen rind (Bern, 1528); his three last sermons, Davids Ehebruch, Mord, Strafe, and Busse, appeared at Ulm in 1534; and in 1569 his communion sermon at Ulm in 1526 was reprinted by the Heidelberg theologians. G. BOSSERT.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: G. Veesenmeyer, Nachrichten von Konrad Sams Leben, Ulm, 1795; idem, Versuch einer Geschichle des deutschen Kirchengesanges in der Ulmer Kirche, ib. 1798; idem, Denkmal der einheimischen and fremden Theologen . . in Ulm, ib. 1831; A. Weyermann, Nachrichten von Gelehrten . . . aus Ulm, Bern, 1798; T. Heim, Die Reformation der Reichstadt Ulm, Stuttgart, 1851; F. Dobel, Memmingen in der Reformationszeit, Augsbura, 1877; T. sehiess, Briefwechad der Brader Ambrosiua and Thomas Blaurer (1609-y8), 2 vole., Freiburg, 1908-10; ADB, xxx. 304-305.