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8gnppreoht THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
ceived from the duke a grant of four square miles. He then founded at Salzburg the church of St. Peter, a monastery, and also a nunnery for Erindruda of Worms. The Gesta thus present the picture of a man laboring in a land only nominally Christian, and seeking primarily to revive a dead faith. It is likewise noteworthy that the Noma Arnonis of 790 (Salzburger Urkundenbuch, ed. W. Hauthaler, i. 3 sqq., Salzburg, 1898) represents him simply as a mitred abbot, thus casting doubt on his being called to Bavaria by Theodo, as well as on the entire previous history of his life. Immediate pupils of his and monks invested by him are mentioned in the ninth century Brevea notitim Salzburgenses (viii. 13, ed. G. Kainz, Munich, 1869). (A. HAucm)
IkHmoaHAPH7: A very full list of editions of sources and of literature is given in Potthaet, Wegweiser, pp. 1557-58. Consult, besides the sources named in the teat: ASM. iii. 1, pp. 340-348; Hid. littiraire de la France, iii. 448 aqq.; J. Friedrich, Das wahre Zeitalter dea heiligen Rupert, Apostele der Bayern, Bamberg, 1888; W. Wattenbach, Bearage sur Geschichte der christlichen Kirche in Mahren and Bohmen, Vienna, 1849; J. G. von Koch-Stemfeld, Ueber das wahre Zeitalter des heiligen Rupert, in Archiv ffir Kunde oaterreichischer Geschiehteqtellen, v (1850). 385-497; R. Mitterm(ller, Das Zeitalter des heili®en Ruyert, Metten, 1857; P. Heber, Die vorkarolinpischen christliehen Glaubenshelden am Rhein, pp. 140-148, Frankfort, 1858; A. Huber, Daa Grab des heiligen Rupert, Vienna, 1889; S. Riesler, Gesehichte Baierna, vol. i., Gotha, 1878; W. Hauthaler, Die derv heilipen Rupertus . . . geweihten Kirchen and Kapellen, Salzburg, 1885; F. von Piehl, Kritische Abhandlungen itber die Mode Geschichte Salsburps, Innsbruck, 1889; Rettberg, KD, ii. 193 sqq.; Hauck, KD, i. 372 sqq.; DCB, iv. 582-583.
RUPPRECHT, ru'preHt, GOTTLIEB FRIEDRICH EDUARD: German Lutheran; b. at Atzendorf (15 m. s.s.w. of Magdeburg) Mar. 2, 1837. He was educated at the University of Erlangen (1855-59); was a teacher of Latin at MVnchberg (1859-61); vicar at Fihth, Middle Franconia (1862-$4); he was so seriously ill as to be incapacitated for any active life (1864-70), but in 1870 became pastor at Wallesau, Middle Franconia, where he remained eight years. Since 1878 he has been pastor at Sausenhofen, Middle Franconia. In theology he adheres to the system of Thomasius and Hofmann as set forth by the Iowa and Ohio synods of the Lutheran Church; in regard to the Old Testament, however, he is an adherent of Hengatenberg and Keil. He has written: Was ist Wahrheit (3 parts, Sagan and Gateraloh, 1875-77); Die Anschauung der kritischen Schule Wellhauzen vom Pentateuch, sin wissenachaftlich begriindetm Glaubenazeugnis an die Gegenwart (Leipsie, 1893); Der Pseudodaniel and Pseudojesaia der modernen Kritik, sin neues Glaubenszeugnis vor dem Forum des christlichen Glaubena, der Moral and Wiesenschaft (1894); Das Ende dieam Weltlaufes, zur Einfuhrung in die neutestamentliche. Weissagung (Munich, 1894); Das Rdtsel des Panfbvches Mose and seine falaehe L6sung (Gatersloh, 1894); Des RMaeU Lvsung, oder Beitrage zur richttgen LSsung des Pentateuchrdtsels (3 vols., 1895-97); Die Kritik nach ihrem Recht and Unrecht (1897); Wissenschaftliehes Handbuch der Einf"rung in daa Alts Testament (1898); Erkldrte deutsche Volksbibel (Hanover, 1900); and Das Chris~ von D. Adolf Harnack mach demen sechazehn Vorlesungea (Gateraloh, 1901).
BiHLroaHAPHy: E. Timotbeus, LieU im Dunkel, Skinen aus dem Loben sine. siiddeutschen Theolopen it Novellenform, , 1897.
RURAL DEAN. See DR" (4). RURER, rif'rer, JOHANN: First Protestant pas tor of Anabach; b. at Bamberg; d. at Ansbach about Whitsuntide, 1542. His university career is unknown, but about 1505 he was in Brandenburg, and by 1512 had attained such reputation that he was appointed vicar of St. Catherine's at Ansbach. He soon became chaplain to Margrave Casimir, who later placed him in full control of the parish, where, already an adherent of the teachings of Luther, he was able to exercise a powerful influence on the re ligious fortunes of the margravate. On Palm Sun day, 1525, he held the first German services at Ansbach, and was soon opposing the margrave, who, for political reasons, saw that he had gone too far toward the Lutheran side. Finding that he could make no impression on Casimir and fearful of arrest, Rurer fled, in Feb., 1527, to Lieguitz, where Duke Frederick sought to secure him for his ".Christian school." Before long, however, Rurer was recalled to Ansbach by George, the successor of Casimir, and was made preacher at the collegiate church, a position which he retained until his death. He was one of those appointed to draw up new church regulations for the margravate; he took a prominent part in the conference at Schwabach on June 15, 1528; and was a factor in the three con ferences on the Nuremberg proposals in February, May, and December, 1531. Meanwhile he had so companied the margrave to the Diet of Augsburg in 1530, where, though at first hopeful that an un derstanding might be reached between Roman Catholics and Protestants, he opposed the com pliance of Melanchthon; yet he was one of the clergymen who, dreading the responsibility of re sistance to the emperor, advised George not to join the Schmalkald League. Rurer was likewise active in the introduction of the Brandenburg-Nuremberg agenda of 1533, which was a potent weapon in the struggle against Roman Catholics and Anabaptists, although he deprecated the use of violent measures against adherents of the ancient faith. His services to the Protestant cause, including the winning over of the aged Margrave Frederick, were rewarded by George with the income belonging to the dean of the cathedral, L. Keller. Toward the end of his life Rurer was a delegate to a number of diets, but died shortly after the Conference of Regensburg in 1541. (KARL SCHORNBAQM.)BIHLJOGHAPH7: F. J. Beyschlag, Sylloge variorum opuww forum, i. 787 eqq., 884 sqq., 990, ii. 184 sqq., Hall, 17271731; C. F. Jacobi, Geschichte der Stadt Feuchtuxingen, pp. 89-70, Nuremberg, 1833; T. Kolde, Andrea. Aithamer, Erlangen, 1895; K. Sehonnbaum, Die Stellung des Markgrafen Kasimir. Nuremberg, 1900; F. Cobra; Die evangdiwhen Katechismusversuche, iii. 3 aqq., Berlin, 1901.
RUSHBROOKE, WILLIAM GEORGE: Church of England layman; b. at Ampthill (8 m. s. of Bedford) Jan. 21, 1849. He prepared for the university at the City of London School, 1862-68; became a scholar at St. John's College, Cambridge, 1868, and graduated, taking degrees both in Cambridge and