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111 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Rust

Rumania

seems manifested in the rendering of the " Church History " of Eusebius in nine (not ten) books; and the translation is of value for text-critical purposes in spite of the freedom occasionally allowed him self by the translator. He felt no satisfaction in rendering the Clementine Recognitions. Out of Basil's Institute monachorum he translated a series of homilies, also rendering some homilies of Gregory Nazianzen, Some Sententim of Evagrius Ponticus (possibly the Liber centum sententiarum). He put into Latin the Sententim ad eos qui in cwuobiis et xenodochus habitant fratres and the Sententice ad virgines. The " Sentences of Sixtus " mentioned by Origen and used by Porphyry were also translated by him, with the addition of a prologue, and at tributed to Sixtus 11. of Rome, though they were the product of a Pythagorean philosopher (cf. F. C. Conybeare, The Ring of Pope Xystus, together with the Prologue of Rufinu8, now first rendered into Eng lish, with an historical and critical Commentary, London, 1910). For this he was severely handled by Jerome. It is a long-standing cause of debate whether the Historia monachorum is Rufinus' own or a translation from a Greek work, with the probabili ties now tending in favor of the second alternative, though the translation is unquestionably by Rufinus. Still an open question is whether the old Latin rend ering of Josephus' " War of the Jews " is to be attributed to Rufinus. Works not by him, but in the list of his works, are Commentarius in lxxv Davidis psalmos (probably by the Gallic Presbyter Vincentius of the second half of the fifth century); Commentarius in prophetas . . . Osee, Joel et Amos, Vita sanctw Eugenicv virginis ac martyris; and two writings entitled De fide. (G. KRfGER.)

BIBLIOGRAPBY: The complete works of Rufinus have never been published. Parts were edited by L. de la Barre, Paris, 1580; a fuller edition is by D. Vallarsi, Verona, 1745, this being taken into MPL, xxi., with the Vita of J. Fontanini (originally published Rome, 1742) and that by C. T. G. Schoenemann (Leipsic, 1792). A critical edition of the Latin translation of Eusebius is by T. Mommsen, vol. i., Leipsic, 1903; one of the Commentarsus in symbolum apostolorum, with Notes by C. Whittaker, also Translation, 2 parts, London, 1908. Translations into English of selected works are in NPNF, 2 ser., iii. 405568.

Sources for a life are Rufinus' own works; Jerome's " Apology against Rations," Eng. transl. in NPNF, 2 ser., iii. 482240, and his Epistles (nos. 3-5, 51, 57, 80 84, 97, 125, 133); Augustine, Epiat., hiii., clvi.; Gen nadius, De aeriptorebua ecclesiasticis, xvii., Eng. tranel. in NPNF, 2 ser., iii. 389. Consult further: A. Ebert, All pemeine Geachichte der Litteratur des Mittdalters, i. 321 327, Leipsic, 1889; J. F. B. M. de Rubeis, Diasertationes dupe, pp. 1-160, Venice, 1754; H. Bruell, De Tyrannii Rufini . . CommeMario in symbolum apostolorum, Doren, 1872-79; F. Kattenbusch, Beitrage zur Geschichte des allkirchlichen Taufsymbols, pp. 2722, Giessen, 1892; B. Czapla, Gennadius als Litterarhistoriker, pp. 27-28, 44 sqq., 95, Monster, 1898; C. Schmidt, in GGA, clxi 11899), 7 27; P. Reinelt, Studien fiber die Briefs des . . . Pau linus -von Nola, Breslau, 1904; M. Schanz, Gexhiehteder romiachen Litteratur, iv. 1, pp. 371-387, Munich, 1904; Bardenhewer, Patrolopie, pp. 397-400, Eng. trend., St. Louie, 1908; Kroger, History, passim; DCB, iv. 555-561; KL, x. 1353-56; Ceillier. Auteura sacr_s, vii. 448-484, et passim; Harnack. Dogma vols. iii.-iv. passim; Schaff, ChristianChurch, iii.701,884, 984 note; Neander, Christian Church, vols. i.-iii. passim.

RUIRART, rwi'nnr, THIERRI: French Benedictine; b. at Reims June 10, 1657; d. at the monastery of Hautvilliers, near Reims, Sept. 27, 1709.

He entered the Benedictine abbey of St. Remy in 1674, made his profession in 1675, and in 1682 was called to the great Maurist center of learning, St. Germain-des-Pr6s, at the instance of Jean Kabillon (q.v.), to whom he was pupil, co-worker, and biographer. His life was a quiet one, broken only by two journeys-to Alsace in 1696 and to Champagne in 1709-for material for his works. The first of these was the Ada primorum martyrum sincera et selecta (Paris, 1689; 2d revised ed., Amsterdam, 1713), which was followed by the Histtmia perseeutionis Vandalicte (1694) and the Gregorii episcopi Turonensis opera omnia necnon Fredegarii scholastici epitome et chranieum (1699). Ruinart collaborated with J. Mabillon in the eighth and ninth volumes of the Acts aanctorum ordinis sancti Benedidi (1701), and also prepared the second edition of Mabillon's De re diplomatica (1709), which he had previously defended in his Bcclesia Parisiensis vindicate (1706). He likewise wrote an admirable Abrog6 de la vie de D. Jean Mcbillon (1709); but his intention of editing the fifth volume of the Annalea ordinis Sandi Benedicti was frustrated by his death. The work was prepared by Ren6 Massuet (Paris, 1713), who placed Ruinart's biography in the preface. An interesting diary of Ruinart's on the history of the Benedictine edition of Augustine has been edited by A. M. P. Ingold as an appendix to his Histoire de l'Mition BMAlictine de S. Augustin (pp. 154-193, 1903). Ruinart wrote also Apologie de la mission de S. Maur, apostre des Bt!n6dictins en France (1702), as well as three treatises: Disquisitio historica de pallio archiepiscopali; Vita beati Urbani papte IL; and Iter litterarium in Alsatiam et Lotharingiam, all in Ouvrages posthumes de Mabillon et de Ruinart, vols. ii.-iii. (1724); and many letters, edited by E. Gigas, Lettres des b6n4dietins de Saint-Maur (2 vols., Copenhagen, 1892-93), also in Correspondanee inMite de Mabillon et de Montfaueon (3 vols., Paris, 1846).

(G. LAUBMANNt.)

BIBLIOGRAPBY: A life by R. Massuet is in the Annals$ do Pordre de S. Bennon, vol. v. Consult further: C. Loziquet, Le Cardinal de Bouillon . . et T. Ruinart dans l'a$aire de Mist. gtnhrale de la maison d'Auverpne, Reims, 1870; H. Jadart, Dom Thierry Ruinart, ib. 1886; E. de Broglie, Mabillon et la aoeiftk de Saint-Germain des Pris, 2 vols., Paris, 1888; J. B. Vanel, Lea Bbn6dictines de Saint-Maur, pp. 87-90, ib. 1896; Lichtenberger, ESR, xi. 348-350.

RULE OF FAITH. See REGULA FIDEI.

RULING ELDERS. See LAITY; and PRESRYTERIANS, x., 2, § 2 (4).

RULMAN MERSWIN. See FRIENDS OF GOD.

RUMANIA: A kingdom (after 1881) in southeastern Europe, between Russia on the north and Bulgaria on the south, and the Black Sea and Russia on the east and Austria-Hungary and Servia on the west; area, 50,720 square miles; population (1907), 6,684,265. Not including the Russian sect of the Lipovanians and the Roman Catholics, each numbering about 140,000 to 150,000, the Christian population is of the Orthodox Greek Church, which is the State Church. Art. 7 of the Constitution of 1866 provides that variance in religious confession shall constitute no hindrance to civil and political rights; and art. 20 assures freedom of all religions,