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eqq., 1882, iii. 401 aqq., and continued (ed. C. R. Kaiser from author's manuscript) in NKZ, 1902, pp. 183-180, 522-545 (goes to end of university period). Consult: C. R. Kaiser, Andreas Gottlob Rudelbach, Leipaic. 1892; J. R. Stockholm, in KirkeliD Kalendar for Norge, pp. 38230, Christiania, 1877 (in Norwegian); and for a list of the writings, E. A. Zuchold, Bibliotheca Zucho/d, ii. 10941095, G6ttingen, 1884.

Swedish Lutheran; b. at Oesterryd, Oestergotland, July 20, 1833. He was educated at the University of Upsala, being graduated from the philosophical course in 1857 and from the theological two years later. He was then secretary of the National Evangelical Society at Stockholm (1859-62), and director of the Foreign Missionary Society in the same city (1862-69), after which he was vice-chaplain of St. Clara's, Stockholm, until 1872. In 1872 he became privat_docent at the University of Upsala, where he was made adjunct in theology in 1875; was associate professor of exegetical theology (1877-93), and from 1893 t:ntil his retirement as professor emeritus in 1900 was full professor of the same subject. He was appointed court preacher in 1873 and in 1886 was made provost. In 1883 he became a member of the committee for the revision of the Swedish translation of the Old Testament. In theology he is a moderate Lutheran, friendly to the Biblical theology of Beck and to the mystics. He has written " Intimations of Eternity " (Stockholm, 1872) ; " Biblical Psychology," i (Upsala, 1875) ; " Life of Soren Kierkegaard " (1880); " Synopsis of the Gospels " (1881); " Gospel of Mark " (1883); " Introduction to Old Testament Prophecy " (1884); " Commentary on the Minor Prophets " (1884); " Discussions on Theological and Ecclesiastical Subjects " (2 parts, 18851886) ; and " Survey of the Scriptural History of the Old Testament " (1886).

RUDOLF OF EMS: German poet and writer of the thirteenth century. The details of his life are unknown, except that he was probably a Swiss by birth and that his death occurred between 1250 and 1254 at some place unknown while he was in the company of Emperor Conrad IV. He was, however, one of the most fruitful poets of his period, and also entered the field of historical writing, besides working in the field of Biblical history (see HISTORICAL BIBLEa). Among his poems are Der gate Gerhard (ed. M. Haupt, Leipsic, 1840; Germ. transls. by Lersch, Bonn, 1847, and K. Simrock, 2d ed., Stuttgart, 1864), which exalts the grace of Christian humility; and Baarlaarrt and Josaphat (ed. F. K. Kopke, Berlin, 1818, and F. Pfeiffer, Leipsic, 1843), a retelling of that story (see Bea$1.nAM AND JOSAPHAT for analysis and literature). Of his historical works the two of interest are Willehalm von Orlens (ed. V. Junk, Berlin, 1905), and WeLtchronik, dedicated to Conrad IV. (only fragments have been published for this-for a list of these cf. Potthast, T4'egweiser, pp. 986-987), which told the story of the Old Testament as far as the death of Solomon. This was much used for a time, but was combined with the much poorer work of an unknown writer to its own detriment.

Brsrrocanrnr: A. F. C. Valmar, Die zwei Recensionen and Handschriften,fimilien der iT'eltchronik Rvdolphs von Ems,

(1880). 25701, 38754, aiii (1881). 29-57. 165-223; V. Zeidler, Die Quellen von RudolJs van Ems Wilhelm van Orlena, Berlin, 1894.

RUDOLPH, ROBERT LIVINGSTON: Reformed Episcopal bishop-coadjutor of the New York and Philadelphia Synod; b. in New York City Dec. 29, 1865. He was educated at New York University (B.A., 1892) and the Reformed Episcopal Theological Seminary, Philadelphia, from which he was graduated in 1894, also taking a post-graduate course at Princeton Theological Seminary, and later studying at Erlangen. He became assistant pastor of the First Reformed Episcopal Church, New York City, in 1895, and in 1903 was appointed professor of systematic theology and Christian ethics in the Reformed Episcopal Theological Seminary, Philar delphia, still retaining his pastorate. In 1896 he was made secretary of the New York and Philadelphia Synod and held this position until 1908,, when, without resigning his professorship, he was made bishop of the same synod.

RUECgERT, riic'kert, KARL THEODOR: German Roman Catholic; b. at Beckstein (a village near Konigshofen, 17 m, s.e. of Wertheim), Baden, Feb. 2, 1840; d. at Freiburg Nov. 8, 1907. He was educated at the University of Freiburg from 1859 to 1862 (D.D., 1865), and, after being engaged in pastoral and state duties from 1863, was a professor at the gymnasia of Tauberbischofsheim and Freiburg until 1880, when he became privat-docent at the University of Freiburg, still retaining his gymnasial professorship, however, until 1890, when he was appointed associate professor of New-Testament literature at the University, where he was promoted to a full professorship of the same subject in 1895. He wrote Die Qttellen der Apostelgeschichte (Freiburg, 1865); Die Religion vom apologetischert Standpunkt (Tiibingen, 1874); Nach Paldstina and fiber Libanore (Mainz, 1881); Naeh NordaJrika (Wiirzburg, 1898); and Die Lage des Berges Sion (Freiburg, 1898).

RUECB.ERT, LEOPOLD IMMANUEL: German Lutheran; b. at Grosshennersdorf (a village near Herrnhut) Feb. 1, 1797; d. at Jena Apr. 9, 1871. His first education was received from the Moravians and was completed at Leipsic (1814-17). After being a private tutor in Niederlausitz and Juterbog, and after preaching at Berlin, he became deacon of his native village in 1819. He earnestly desired an academic position, but as this was impossible for the time being, he set forth his ideals of a teacher in a series of works which included Christliche Philosophic, oder Philosophic, Gesehichte vnd Bibel each ihren wahren Beziehungen zu einander (2 vols., Leipsic, 1825). In 1825 Riickert was appointed a teacher in the gymnasium at Zittau. There he taught Hebrew, French, history, mathematics,- and science, and studied not only Plato, whose Symposium he edited (Leipsic, 1828), but also the New Testament, especially the Pauline writings, publishing commentaries on Romans, Galatians, Ephesians, and Corinthians (5 vols., Leipsic, 1831-37). After having been suggested,