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103 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Rothe Rousseau it should be borne in mind that the defects in Rothe's ethics are, to some extent, involved with insoluble antinomies, and they are compensated in his work by superior merits; such as his dialectical adapta bility and his skill in the grouping of his matter, let alone his affluence of significant and useful ideas, even of elements of truth in his most vulnerable representations. F. SIEFTERT. BIBLIOGRAPHY: F. Nippold, Richard Rothe, 2 vols., Wit tenberg, 1873-74; A. Hauarath, Richard Rothe and seine Freunde, 2 vols., Berlin, 1902-08; J. Cropp, in Protes tantische Monatshefte, 1897, 1899; E. Aehelie, Dr. Richard Rothe, Gotha, 1869; W. Hbnig, Richard Rothe. Charak ter, Leben and Denken, Berlin, 1898; H. Bassermann. Richard Rothe als praktischer Theologe, Freiburg, 1899; -0. Fhigel, Richard Rothe als apekulativer Theologe, Lang ensalza, 1899; P. Mezger, Richard Rothe. Ein theo logisches Charakterbild, Berlin, 1899; K. Sell, in Theo logische Rundschau, 1899; H. Sp6rri, Zur Erinnerung an Richard Rothe, Hamburg, 1899; E. Troeliseh, Richard Rothe. Geddehtnisrede, Freiburg, 1899; R. Kern, Dr. Richard Rothe, Camel, 1904; L. Witte, Richard Rothe itber Jesus als Wunderthllter, Halle, 1907; J. Happel, Richard Rothes Lehre von der Kirche, Leipsie, 1909. ROTHMANN (ROTTMANN), BERNHARD. See MUENSTER, ANABAI-TIsTs IN. ROTHSTEIN, rot'stain, JOHANN WILHELM: German Protestant; b. at Puhl, a village of Rhen ish Prussia, Mar. 19, 1853. He was educated at the universities of Bonn (Ph.D., 1877; lic. theol., 1878) and Halle, where he devoted himself to theology and Semitics (1872-78). He was a teacher in the gymnasium at Elberfeld until 1884 and at the girls' high school in Halle until 1889, when he was ap pointed associate professor of Old-Testament exe gesis at the University of Halle, and in 1910 became professor in the same branch at Breslau. Theo logically he bases his work on a belief in Biblical revelation, and, though favoring earnest historical criticism, is opposed to rationalistic interpretations of the Old and New Testaments from the point of view of comparative religion. He has written: De chronographo Arabe anonymo qui Bodice Berolinensi SprengeKano tricesimo continetur (Bonn, 1877); Das Bundesbuch and die rehgionsgeschiehtliche Entwick lung Israels (Halle, 1888); Das Hohe Lied (1893); Der Gottesglaube im alters Israel and die religions geschichtliche Kritik (1900); Bilder aus der Geschichte des alters Bundes in gemeinverstondlicher Form, vol. i. (Erlangen, 1901); Die Genealogie des Konigs von Juda Jojachin and seiner Naclckommenschaft in 1 Chron. iii. 17-24 (Berlin, 1902); Geschichte and O, fen barung mit Bezug auf Israds Religion (Stuttgart, 1903); Juden and Samaritaner. Die grundlegende Scheidung von Judentum and Heidentum. Eine kritische Studie zum Buche Haggai and zur jiid ischen Geschichte im ersten nachexilischen Jahrhundert (Leipsic, 1908) ; G rundzuge des hebrdischen Rhythmus and seiner Formenbildung, nebst lyrischen Texten mit kritischem Kommentar (1909); Psalmentexte and der Text des Hohen Liedes (1909; reprinted from the Grundzvge des . . . Rhythmus); and Die Naehtge sichte des Sacharya (1910). He has translated into German W. R. Smith's The Old Testament in the Jewish Church (Freiburg, 1894) and S. R. Driver's Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament (Berlin, 1896), and contributed Jeremiah and Ze phaniah to E. Kautzseh's Das Alte Testament (Frei-
burg, 1894; in the 3d ed., 1910, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Chronicles), the apocryphal portions of Daniel, as well as Baruch and the Epistle of Jeremiah to the same scholar's Apokryphen and Pseudepigraphen des Alters Testaments (1900), and Jeremiah and Ezekiel to R. Mttel's Biblia Hebraica (Leipsic, 1906).
RODS, raus, FRANCIS: Puritan; b. at Dittisham (25 m. e. of Plymouth) in 1579; d. at Acton (7 m. w. of London) Jan., 1658-59. He was educated at Oxford (B.A., 1596-97), and the University of Leyden (1598-99); was a member of parliament during the reign of Charles I., of the Long Parliament, and others (1625-56); was appointed lord of parliament by Cromwell (1657); and became provost of Eton (1643-44). The Westminster Assembly appointed him one of its lay assessors (1643); and he was chairman of the committee for ordination of ministers after its organization (1643-44). In 1649 Rous went over to the Independents and served on the committee for the propagation of the Gospel, which framed an abortive scheme for a state church on the Congregational plan, revived without success by the Little Parliament of which he was speaker (1653). When that body dissolved itself, he was sworn on the protector's council of state. He was placed on the committee for the approbation of public preachers 1653-54, and with Cromwell on that of discussion of the kingship (1656). He was author of Psalms Translated into English Metre (1643; 1646), a version approved by the Westminster Assembly, authorized by parliament for general use, and adopted by the committee of estates in Scotland, where its popular use has continued till the present day. During a period of retirement from the Middle Temple to Landrake, Cornwall (1601-25), he wrote Meditations of hnstruoLion, of Exhortation, of Reproof (London, 1616); The. Arts of Happiness (1619); Diseases of the Time (1622); and Oyl of Scorpions (1623). His piety was of an intensely subjective kind, as illustrated in Mystical Marriage (1635), and Heavenly Academie (1638). A number of his works were collectively republished in Treatises and Meditations (London, 1656-57).
BIBLIOGRAPHY: A. l Wood, Athena Oxoniensis, ed. P. Bliss, iii. 467, 4 vols., London, 1813-20; D. Neal, Hid. of the Puritans, ed. J. Toulmin, 5 vols., Bath, 1793-97; J. A. Alexander, Lives of the Speakers of the House of Commons, London, 1850; S. W. Duffield, English Hymns, p. 533, New York, 1886; W. A. Shaw, History of the English Church . . . 18/,0-60, 2 vols., London, 1900; Julian, Hymnology, pp. 918, 979, 1023; DNB, xlix. 318-317 (where many scattering references are given).
ROUSSEAU, rus"s8', JEAN JACQUES: French deistic philosopher and author; b. at Geneva June 28, 1712; d. at Ermenonville (28 m. n.e. of Paris) July 2, 1778. His mother died at his birth, and his father, a dissipated and violent-tempered man, paid little attention to the son's training, and finally deserted him. The latter developed a passion for reading, with a special fondness for Plutarch's Lives. Apprenticed first to a notary and then to a coppersmith, he ran away (1728) to escape the rigid discipline, and, after wandering for several days, he fell in with Roman Catholic priests at Consignon in Savoy, who turned him over to Madame de