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RoeubU Rogers THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG

minister in 8bnderup and Nordrup (1869-73), in Rbnnebiek and Olstrup (1873-80), at Helligaandskirken in Copenhagen (1880-86); provost at Holmen (1865-95); and in 1895 was appointed bishop of Zealand, being primes inter pares among the Danish bishops, and having after 1900 the title of Ordensbiskop. As a preacher his influence was wide, especially among the younger clergy, and his sermons are widely read. As bishop he worked indefatigably for the building of churches, did much for the hymnal, and also influenced legal provisions for Denmark. He translated the New Testament, with explanatory notes (1887-1892).

.JOHN O. EVJEN.

ROEUBLI, WILHELM. See REUBLIN. ROGATION DAYS: Days appointed for public supplication to God for a blessing on the fruits of the earth and other benefits. Such special supplications, known as litanite rogationes, are found in the Church at an early period (Sozomen, Hist. ecd., viii. 8). Processions with litanies of two kinds took place, the regular on St. Mark's Day (April 25) and in the week before Ascension Day, and others on special occasions for extraordinary needs. Sidonius de scribes the solemnities as consisting of fasting, preaching, singing, and weeping. In the Frankish kingdom the rogations before Ascension Day were made of universal obligation by the first Synod of Orl6ans (511); in Spain there were peculiar observ ances (second Synod of Braga, 563, can. xvi., cf. Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, iii. 17-18, Eng. transl., iv. 383-384, Fr. transl., iii. 1, p. 178; fifth of Toledo, can. i., cf. Hefele, ut sup., iii. 88, Eng. tmnsl., iv. 459, Fr. transl., iii. 1, pp. 277-278; sixth, can. ii., Hefele, ut sup., iii. 90 [merely re affirms the finding of the fifth synod]). Those who took part in the St. Mark's Day procession in Rome were divided, according to the pattern set by Gregory the Great, into seven classes, clergy, lay men, monks, virgins, married women, widows, the poor, and children, and from this arose the "seven fold litany." The seventeenth Council of Toledo, 694 (can. vi.), decreed monthly rogations for the Visigothic kingdom, and the same were ordered by the Lateran Council under Innocent III. for the deliverance of the Holy Land. In the Evangelical Lutheran Church the ancient "week of prayer" before Pentecost has been retainbd in a number of places, sometimes with the processions, as in Pom erania and Brandenburg. Even to-day solemn pro cessions are made through the fields for a blessing on the fruits of the earth in the month of May or at other times, on which occasions the ancient solemn litanies (the Litania communis) in responsive form are usually used. [In the Anglican communion the Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday before Ascension Day are counted as fastdays, " on which the Church requires such a measure of abstinence as is more especially suited to extraordinary acts and exercises of devotion."] M. HEROLD.

BIDLIOORAPHY, Bingham, Origines, XIII., i. 10, XXI., ii. 8; A. J. Binterim, Denkwfirdigkeiten. iv. 555 sqq., Mains, 1827; J. C. W. Augusti, Denkwiirdigkeiten, x. 7-72, Leipsie, 1829; T. F. D. Kliefoth, Liturgisehe Abhandlungen, vi. 155, 8 vole., 2d ed., Schwerin, 18589; F. Procter and W. H. Frere, New Hdst. of the Book of Common Prayer,

passim, London, 1905; J. H. Blunt, Annotated Book of Common Prayer, pp. 221-222, 298-298, New York, 1908; %L, ii. 894-897.

ROGERS, HENRY: Essayist and apologist; b. at St. Albans (19 m. n.n.w. of London) Oct. 18, 1806; d. at Pennal Tower, Machynlleth (53 m. n.e. of Cardigan), North Wales, Aug. 20, 1877. He was educated at Highbury College, 1826-29; was Independent minister at Poole, Dorset, 1829-32; lecturer on rhetoric and logic at Highbury College, 1832-36; professor of the English language and literature, University College, London, 1836-39; of English literature and language, mathematics, and mental philosophy, Spring Hill College, Birmingham, 18391858; and principal of the Independent College, Manchester, from 1858 until a few years before his death. An incurable throat trouble compelled him to abandon preaching so that he devoted himself to literary pursuits. From 1839 to 1859 he was connected with the Edinburgh Review, in the columns of which he published much of his best work. He particularly distinguished himself by his opposition to the Tractarian movement. His reputation mainly rests upon his Eclipse of Faith, or a Visit to a religious Sceptic (London, 1852) and Defence (1854). His other writings embrace, Essay on the Life and Genius of Jonathan Edwards (prefaced to Edwards's Works, 1834); Life of John Howe (1836); Essays from the Edinburgh Review (3 vols., 1850-55); Essay on the Life and Genius of Thomas Fuller (1856); Selections from the Correspondence of R. E. H. Greyson, the name Greyson being an anagram for Rogers (2 vols., 1857); and The Superhuman Origin of the Bible inferred from itself, Congregational Lectures (1873).

BIBIAOORAPHY: A Memoir by R. W. Dale prefacks the 8th ed. of The Superhuman Origin of the Bible, 1893; Congregational Year Book, 1878, p. 347; DNB, xlix. 121-123.

ROGERS, JOHN: 1. English Protestant martyr; b. at Deritend in the parish of Aston (2 m. n. of Birmingham) about 1500; burned at Smithfield, London, Feb. 4, 1555. He was graduated at Cambridge (B.A., 1526); received an invitation to Christ Church, Oxford; about 1534 became chaplain to the Merchant Adventurers at Antwerp, and there made the acquaintance of Tyndale and became a Protestant. In 1537 he issued (probably at Wittenberg), under the pseudonym of "Thomas Matthewe," a skilful combination of the Bible translation of Tyndale and Coverdale with preface and notes, which has since been known as Matthew's Bible. (See BIBLE VERBIONs, B, IV., § 4 .) He removed to Wittenberg, where he was pastor until the accession of Edward VI., when he returned to England (1548). He was in 1550 provided by Bishop Ridley with settlements in London, and in 1551 made prebendary of St. Paul's. On the succession of Queen Mary (1553) he was arrested for his vigorous denunciation of Romanism, and after months of imprisonment was burnt-the first Marian martyr. BIBIJOGRAPHY: J. L. Chester, John Rogers, the Compiler of the First Authorized English Bible, London, 1861; C. Anderson, Annals of the English Bible, ed. Hugh Anderson, pp. 288, 294, 295. 429-438, ib. 1882; J. I. Mombert, HandBook to the English Versions of the Bible, pp. 176 aqq., New York, 188.3; H. W. Hoare, Evolution of the English Bible, pp. 180-183, ib. 1902; I. M. Price, Ancestry of our English Bible, pp. 250-253, 262, Philadelphia, 1907.