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Here he lived quietly, beloved by his people, and attending to their physical ills by his knowledge of medicine, until 1643, when Wedel was sacked by Torstenson in the Thirty Years' War. These melancholy events he described in his Holsteins Klagand Jammerlied; another poem addressed to the emperor in the following year, when the peace envoys convened at Munster, gained him the laureateship. In 1653 he received a patent of nobility, and later the title of imperial court- and palsgrave, thus having the right to crown poets and to create doctors, licentiates, masters, and bachelors. In 1656 he founded the Elb-Schwanenorden, and also enjoyed the favor of princes, especially of Duke Christian of Mecklenburg, who created him ecclesiastical andconsistorial councilor. Shortly before his death he composed his Christliche Sterbekunat (Hamburg, 1667) and Alleredelste Zeitverkurzung (1667).

Rist published his hymns, which number 659, in ten collections from 1642 to 1664. Though some of the hymns are mechanical and of inordinate length, Rist still remains, next to P. Gebhardt, both the most prolific German writer of hymns and the one who has done most for Lutheran hymnology. At the same time, he designed his compositions to serve for private worship as well as for public services. The faults of tediousness and pedantry appear prominently in his " historical poems" and his eulogies. The former he collected in his Musa Teutonica (1634) and Poetischer Lustgarten. His short lyrics are in higher vein, being conceived with true depth of feeling, though not entirely free from mythological pedantry.

As a dramatist Rist is also important. He himself states that he wrote more than thirty dramas, though only five were ever printed. These are as follows: Irenaromachia, oder Friede and Krieg (pub lished under the name of his friend Stapel, 1630); Perseus (1634); Das Friedewiinschende Teutschland (1647, and often); Das friedejauchtzende Teutsehland (1653); and Dispositio Cornuti typographici (1654, and often). Rist likewise states that he published a tragedy entitled, Herodes. The Friedejauchtzendes Teutschland is written entirely in High German, but the other four dramas are of value for a knowledge of Low German, especially in their comic interludes, as well as for contemporary records of the period: At the same time he made a plea for pure German in his Rettung der edlen teutschen Hauptsprache (Hamburg, 1642). (A. FREYBE.)

Among English translations of parts of his hymns may be named '° Lord Jesus Christ, the living bread, " by A. T. Russell; " Praise and thanks to thee be sung," by Miss Winkworth; " O Jesu 1 welcome, gracious namel " by A. T. Russell; " Now God be praised, and God alone," by Miss Winkworth; and " Rise, O Salem, rise and shine," also by Miss Winkworth.

vii (1881), 104 sqq. Less important are H. A. Pick, Johann Rist, der Pfarrer von Wedel, Hamburg, 1907; and

I. Life: Albrecht Benjamin Ritschl, one of the foremost German Protestant theologians of the nineteenth century, was born at Berlin Mar. 25, 1822; d. at Gottingen Mar. 20, 1889. He was educated at the universities of Bonn (1839-41) and Halle (1841-43), and during this period gradually passed from Biblical supranaturalism to a critical and speculative' position, to the distress of his father, Georg Karl Benjamin Ritschl (q.v.). Meanwhile he had also become interested in Hegelianism and in the study of the doctrine of the atonement, and his dissertation for the doctorate bore the title Expositio doetrlnte Augustini de creations mundi, peccato, gratis (Halls, 1843). After leaving Halle, Ritschl passed the winter in Berlin and then spent almost a year with his parents at Stettin. Desiring, however, to fit himself for the career of a teacher, he studied for six months at Heidelberg in 1845, and then went to Tubingen, where he became an enthusiastic follower of Ferdinand Christian Baur (q.v.), seeking to prove that the apocryphal gospel of Marcion, mentioned by Tertullian, was the source of Luke, this theory being advanced in his Das Evangelium Marciona and das kanonische Evangelium des Lukas (TUbingen, 1846).

In 1846 Ritschl became privat-docent for NewTestament theology at Bonn. Here independent study led him further and further from the position of the Tubingen school, although his monograph entitled Die Entetehung der altkatholischen Kirche (Bonnf 1850) as yet marked no decisive break. Soon, however, he rejected his own theory concerning Luke, now maintaining the priority of Mark over the other Synoptic Gospels; and in 1856 came the open breach between him and Baur. In the following year Ritschl issued a complete revision of his history of the early Church, in which he denied the hypotheses of the Tubingen school, and maintained that the alleged delimitation between Paul and the original apostles (who were not to be considered Jewish Christians) was non-existent. He likewise held that Jewish Christianity was not a factor in the development of the early Church, but that, on the contrary, it was a specifically determined phase of gentile Christianity, which must, however, be distinguished from the system of Paul. In 1852 Ritschl, whose theological development was bringing him back to close intellectual sympathy with his father, was appointed associate professor, his work now including systematic theology, even as he had already been permitted to lecture on church history and the history of dogma since 1848.

In 1859 Ritschl was promoted to a full professorship at Bonn, but in 1864 accepted a call to the University of Gottingen. Here he lectured not only on the New Testament, but also on all branches of systematic theology, and here, after years of preliminary study and writing, he produced his great