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1850-52; and again at Heidelberg, 1852; was admitted to the ministry in 1853; vicar at Durlach, 1853-54; and garrison chaplain at Mannheim after 1855. In 1858 he entered the theological faculty at Heidelberg, where he was associate professor, 1861-62; and, 1862-66, associate professor of OldTestament exegesis at Halle, and professor, 18661888. He was the author of: Die Gesetzgebung Mosis im Lands Moab (Goths, 1854); Der Lehrbegrif des Hebrderbriefs (Ludwigsburg, 1858-59); Die besondere Bedeutung des A. T. fur die religittse Erkenntnis and das religi6se Leben der christlichen Gemeinde (Halls, 1864); Die messianische Weissagung (Goths, 1875); Der Begrif der Siihne im Alten Testament (1877); and Handworterbueh des biblischen Altertums (Bielefeld, 1875-84, and others). After his death appeared Einleitung in das Alte Testament (Halls, 1889); and Alttestamentliche Theologie (1889). A pupil and afterward colleague of H. Hupfeld at Halle, he revised the latter's commentary on Psalms (Goths, 1867-71); was one of the editors of the TSK (Goths), 1866,88; and was a member of the commission for the revision of Luther's translation of the Bible, 1865,88. In his exegetical work he was scientific, thorough, and impartial, and emphasized the religion of the Old Testament as one of revelation.

(K. H. PAHNCKE.)

RIESSLER, ris'ler, PAUL: Old-Testament scholar; b. at Stuttgart Sept. 16, 1865. He received his elementary education at Stuttgart and Rottweil, and his advanced training at the University of Tiibingen and the theological seminary at Rottenburg; was vicar at Mergentheim and Ellwangen, 18891892; taught in the higher gymnasium at Ehingen, 1892-98; was city preacher at Blaubeuren, 18891907; became professor of Old-Testament exegesis at Tilbingen in the Roman Catholic theological faculty, 1907. He has written a critical commentary on Daniel (Stuttgart, 1899), and another on the same book in the Kurzgefasster wissenschaftlicher Kommentar (Vienna, 1902).

RIETSCHEL, rit'ahel, CHRISTIAN GEORG: German Protestant, son of the sculptor of the famous Luther monument at Worms; b. at Dresden May 10, 1842. He was educated at the universities of Erlangen, Berlin, and Leipsic from 1860 to 1864, and after being a member of the Domkandidatenstift at Berlin in 1864-65 and of St. Paul's seminary for preachers at Leipsic in 1866-67, was pastor at Riidigsdorf, Saxony, in 1868-74, head pastor at Zittau in 1874-78, second director of the preachers' seminary at Wittenberg in 1878-84, and first director of the same institution in 1884-87, superintendent and district inspector of schools in 1878-87, and pastor of $t. Matthew's, Leipsic, in 1887-89. Since 1889 he has been professor of practical theology in the University of Leipsic, and also first university preacher and director of St. Paul's seminary for preachers in the same city, while in 1904-05 he was rector of the university. He has written Die Gew4hrung der Aberulmahlsgemeinschaft an Reformierte and Unierte (Leipsic, 1868); Martin Luther and Ignatius van Loyola, eine vergleichende Charakteristik ihrer inneren Entwicklung (Wittenberg, 1879);

Abschnitt vierzehn der Kirchenr and Synodal-Ord, nung (1885); Luther and sein Haus (Halls, 1888); Luther and die Ordination (Wittenberg, 1889); Das Wort vom Glauben (sermons; Leipsic, 1892); Die Aufgabe der Orgel im Gottesdienst bis ins achtzehnte Jahrhundert (1893); Der tuangelische Gottesdienst unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Anbetung im Geist and in der Wahrheit (Halls, 1894); Die Frage des Zusammenschlusses der deutschen evangelischen Landeskirehen zur Wahrung and F6rderung ihrer gemeinsamen Angelegenheiten (Leipsic, 1900) ; Lehrbuch der Liturgik (2 vols., Berlin, 1900-08); Weihnachten in Kirche, Kunst and Volksleben (Bielefeld, 1901); Die evangelische Kirche and die soziale Prage (Leipsie, 1904); and Zur Reform des Religionsunterrichts in der Volksschule (Berlin, 1909).

RIGG, JAMES HARRISON: English Wesleyan Methodist; b. at Newcastle-on-Tyne Jan. 16, 1821; d. at London Apr. 17, 1909. He was educated at Old Kingswood School, and, after being a teacher from 1835 to 1845, entered the Wesleyan ministry. In 1866 he was elected a member of the " Hundred " (83e METHODISTS, 1., 1, § 6 ) and two years later became principal of the Wesleyan Training College for Day School Teachers, Westminster, London, a position which he retained until 1903. He was president of the Wesleyan Methodist Conference, and in this capacity was instrumental in securing the admission of laymen to that body in 1878. For fifteen years he was editor of The London Quarterly Review and was also on its editorial staff for several years longer. He edited E. A. Rumbold's Vindication of the Character and Administration of Sir T. Rumbold, Bart., Governor of Madras in 1778-80 (London, 1868), and was the author of: The Principles of Wesleyan Methodism (London, 1850); Congregational Independency and Wesleyan Connexionalism Contrasted (1851); Modern Anglican Theology (1857); Essays for the Times on Ecclesiastical and Social Subjects (1866); The Sabbath and the Sabbath Law before and after Christ (1869); The Churehmanship of John Wesley (1868); National Education, English and Foreign (1873); The Living Wesley as he was in his Youth and in his Prime (1875); Connexional Economy of Wesleyan Methodism (1879); Discourses and Addresses on Leading Truths of Religion and Philosophy (1880); The Character and Life-Work of Dr. Pusey (1883); Was Wesley a High Churchman, and is Modern Methodism Wesleyan Methodism r or, John Wesley, the Church of England, and Wesleyan Methodism (1883); A Comparative View of Church Organisms, Primitive and Protestant (1887); Oxford High Anglicanism and its Leaders (1895); Scenes and Studies in the Ministry of Our Lord, with Thoughts on Preaching (1902); and Reminiscences Sixty years ago (1904).

BIBLIOGRAPHY: J. Telford, The Life of James Harrison Rigg, 1881-1908, London, 1909.

RIGGENBACH, rig'en-btiH, CHRISTOPH JOHANNES: Swiss Protestant theologian; b. at Basel Oct. 8, 1818; d. there Sept. 5, 1890. He pursued his studies at Basel, Berlin, and Bonn under Peterman, Nitzsch, Bleek, Sack, and others. He was ordained in 1842, became pastor in Bennivyl,