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27 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Richard of St. Victor Richelieu RICHARD, FRANqOIS MARIE BENJAMIN:. Cardinal; b. at Nantes Mar. 9, 1819; d. at Paris Jan. 28, 1908. He was educated at the chh,teau of Lavergne and at the Seminary of St. Sulpice, Paris, and from 1849 to 1869 was vicar general of Nantes. In 1871 he was consecrated bishop of Belley, and four years later was made titular archbishop of Larissa and coadjutor of the archbishop of Paris, with the right of succession. In 1886 he succeeded to this dignity, and in 1889 was created cardinal priest of Santa Maria in Via. He wrote Vie de la bienheureuse FraWoise d'Amboise, duchesse de Bre tagne et religieuse mrWlite (2 vols., Nantes, 1865), and Les Saints de l'4glise de Nantes (1873). RICHARD, TIMOTHY: Baptist missionary and educator; b. at Ffaldybrenin, Carmarthenshire, Wales, Oct. 10, 1845. He received his education at Swansea Normal School and Haverfordwest College; went out as missionary for the Baptist Missionary Society to China in 1869, very early traveling in Manchuria and in Korea; he was located for eight years in the province of Shantung, then for the same length of time in Shansi; was in Peking and Tientsin, 1889-90; in 1890 he was chosen by the missionaries on the field to make a presentation of Christianity to the Chinese government, and in the same year became editor of a daily and a weekly paper in Chinese, both of which were influential in wide circles; became secretary in 1891 for The So ciety for the Diffusion of Christian and General Knowledge among the Chinese, now the Christian Literature Society for China; in 1877-78 he was chief almoner of the fund raised to relieve the great famine in China; in 1901 he was called in to aid in the negotiations for settling the indemnity for the massacre of missionaries in Shansi, and through him a university, of which he was made chancellor, was established in the capital of the province, the example of which led to a decree for like colleges in each of the capitals of the separate provinces; in 1901 he was appointed religious adviser to the Chinese government; in 1904 he assumed, in addi tion to his other duties, the position of secretary to the International Red Cross Society in Shanghai; he is in charge of the work for his denomination of disseminating Christian literature among the Chi nese, and is president of the Educational Associa tion of China. His theological position is stated in the words that he " desires to promote everything which God has revealed or man discovered for the progress of the human race in all departments." He " believes that God has left none of the great nations without light from Heaven, that those who divide the religions of the world into true and false, and go in for destructive criticism and attacks on the native religions, do incalculable harm." Most of his literary work has been done in Chinese (the number of works rendered by him into Chinese num bers over fifty), and his labors have been recognized by the Chinese government by an appointment as mandarin of the first rank and religious adviser. In English he has written Historical Evidences of Christianity; Conversion by the Million (2 vols., published in the East); Guide to Buddahood: being a standard Manual of Chinese Buddhism, translated
from the Chinese (London, 1908); and The New Testament of Higher Buddhism (Edinburgh, 1910).
RICHARDS, WILLIAM ROGERS: Presbyterian; b. at Boston Dec. 20, 1853; d. in New York City Jan. 7, 1910. He studied at Yale University (B.A., 1875), Columbia Law School (1875-76), and Andover Theological Seminary (graduated, 1879); was pastor of the Central Congregational Church, Bath, Me., 1879-84; of the Crescent Avenue Presbyterian Church, Plainfield, N. J., 1884-1902; and also of the Brick Presbyterian Church, New York City, after 1902. He served on the Board of Foreign Missions' of his denomination, on the Board of Directors of Union Theological Seminary, New York, and on the Council of the University of the City of New York. He wrote: Ways of Wisdom (New York, 1886); For Whom Christ died (Philadelphia, 1902; sermons); God's Choice of Men: a Study of Scripture (New York, 1905); The Apostles' Creed in Modern Worship (1906); and A Study of the Lord's Prayer (1910).
RICHARDSON, ERNEST CUSHING: Congregationalist; b. at Woburn, Mass., Feb. 9, 1860. He was graduated from Amherst College (B.A., 1880) and Hartford Theological Seminary (1883). He was librarian of Hartford Theological Seminary (1883-90); and associate professor (1885-90), and since 1890 has been librarian of Princeton University. He is prominent in library work, especially in the American Library Association, in which he has held many offices. He has also been chairman of the bibliographical committee of the American Historical Association since 1901 and vice-president of the Bibliographical Society of America since 1906. In theology he describes himself as " scientific, independent, Biblical, Congregational," and as holding " the deity of Christ, the Virgin birth, the organic evolution of the Bible, regeneration by the Word, the survival of the fittest for eternal life, and the climax of the evolutionary progress of the universe in the social and material headship of Jesus Christ in a substantial resurrected universe." He has revised the translation of Eusebius' " Life of Constantine " for the NPNF (New York, 1890) and the " Lives of Illustrious Men " of Jerome and Gennadius for the same series (1892), edited the same in Latin (Leipsic, 1896) ; prepared Bibliographical Synopsis of the Ante-Nicene Fathers (New York, 1887) and An Alphabetical Subject Index and Index Encyclopaedia to Periodical Articles on Religion (1890-89) (1908); and has written Clas$aflaation, Theoretical and Practical (1901).
Youth; Call to Public Office (§ 1). Conflict with the Protestants (§ 2). Struggle against Conspiracy (§ 3).
Constructive Policy (§ 4).Achievements for Marine, Industry, and Commerce (§ 5). Foreign Policy (§ 6).
Foreign Alliances (§ 7). Characterization (§ 8).
Armand-Jean Duplessis, due de Richelieu, French cardinal and statesman, was born at Paris Sept. 5, 1585, and died there Dec. 4, 1642. He was the fourth son of a petty noble of Poitou., At first he