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25 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Ricci Richard of St. Victor Sacred Books: How they came to us and What they are (1892); Handy Helps for Busy Workers (1899); The Heavenly City (1899); A Century of Sunday School Progress (1899); and A Short History of the International Lesson System (1902). RICE, LUTHER: Baptist; b. at Northborough, Mass., Mar. 25, 1783; d. at Edgefield, S. C., Sept . 25, 1836. Converted in his youth, he united with the Northborough Congregational church in Mar., 1802. As a student in Williams College he mani fested a deep interest in missions to the heathen and in association with other students was instru mental in bringing about the organization of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis sions (see CONGREGATIONALISTS, I., 4, § 11; of. JuDsoN, ADGNIRAM). He offered himself as a mis sionary along with Judson, Nott, Mills, and Richards (1811). The number of applicants being thought too great, his appointment was made conditional on his first raising the money for outfit and passage. He accomplished this in a few days and was ready to go with the rest (Feb. 6, 1812). He followed Judson and his wife in adopting Baptist views and was immersed in India by the English Baptist mis sionary William Ward, Nov. 1, 1812. He returned to America (Sept., 1813) to adjust relations with the American Board and to interest and organize the Baptists for the support of the Burman mission which Judson proceeded to inaugurate. Through his untiring efforts funds were raised for the imme diate need, local missionary societies were organ ized in many places, and in 1814 the Triennial Con vention was formed as a national Baptist society for the support of missions. Largely through his efforts a theological seminary in Philadelphia was estab lished in 1818, and Columbian University in Wash ington in 1822. Under his leadership the Triennial Convention undertook home mission work (from 1817), for which a separate society was later con stituted. In 1816 he began the publication of a re ligious quarterly (Latter Day Luminary) and in 1822 he began to issue the first Baptist weekly, The Columbian Star. His multifarious denominational enterprises soon outgrew the income that he was able to secure and financial worries probably short ened his days. A. H. NEWMAN. BIBLIOGRAPHY: T. Armitage, Hist. Of the Baptists, pp. 434, 464, 502, New York, 1893; A. H. Newman, in American Church History Series, ii., 390, 392, 399,405, 427, ib.,1894; H. C. Vedder, The Baptists, pp. 183-164, ib., 1902. RICE, NATHAN LEWIS: Presbyterian; b. in Garrard County, Ky., Dec. 29, 1807; d. at Chatham, Bracken County, Ky., June 11, 1877. He studied at Center College, Danville, Ky., and at Princeton Theological Seminary, 1829; and was pastor at Bardstown, Ky., 1833-11, where he also established an academy and a newspaper, the Western Protes tant, afterward merged in the Louisville Pre8by terian Herald. He preached at Paris, Ky., 1841 1844; was pastor at Cincinnati, 1845-53; at St. Louis, Mo., 1853-58, where he edited the St. Louis Presbyterian; was pastor at Chicago, 1857-61; pro fessor of theology at the Chicago Theological Semi nary, 1859-61; pastor of the Fifth Avenue Presby terian Church, New York, 1861-67; president of
Westminster College, Fulton, Mo., 1869-74; and professor of theology at Danville, Ky., 1874-77. An able debater and preacher, he engaged in several memorable discussions: namely, with Alexander Campbell (q.v.) at Lexington, Ky., in 1843, on baptism; with J. A. Blanchard in 1845, on slavery; with E. Pingree the same year, on universal salvation; and with J. B. Purcell (q.v.) in 1851, on Romanism. His publications, besides the debates already referred to, include God Sovereign, and Man Free (Philadelphia); Romanism not Christianity (New York, 1847); Baptism, the Design, Mode, and Subjects (St. Louis, 1855); and Immortality (Philadelphia, 1871).
RICH, EDMUND. See EDMUND, SAINT, OF CANTERBURY.
RICHARD FITZRALPH: Archbishop of Armagh and primate of Ireland; b. at Dundalh (50 m. n. of Dublin), County of Louth, Ireland, probably in the last years of the thirteenth century; d. at Avignon, France, probably Nov. 16, 1360. He was fellow of Balliol College, Oxford; became chancellor of the University of Oxford in 1333; chancellor of Lincoln cathedral, 1334; soon after archdeacon of Chester; dean of Lichfield in 1337; and in July, 1347, archbishop of Armagh, from which he was called " Armachanus." When negotiations were going on between the Armenians and Pope Boniface XII., and two of their number, Nerses, archbishop of Melaggert, and John, bishop-elect of Khilit, appeared at Avignon, Richard, who happened to be on a mission at the papal court, upon their request, wrote a treatise in nineteen books, Summa in qutestionibus Armenorum (Paris, 1511), in which he examined their doctrines and refuted their heresies. This work won him widespread fame as defender of Roman orthodoxy. His visit to Avignon in 1349 marked the opening of a conflict with the mendicant friars which lasted all his lifetime. A memorial to the pope, presented in July, 1350, he later elaborated and published as De pauperie salvatoris in seven books. His attacks upon mendicancy occasioned great agitation in the orders which were quietly supported by the pope. Richard was summoned to appear at Avignon and there defended himself in a discourse, Nov. 8, 1357, later published as Defensio curatorum (Lyons, 1496; also in Fascwulus rerum ezpetendarum et fugiendarum, ed. E. Brown, ii. 466-487, London, 1690). BIBLIOGRAPHY: J. Ware, De prlwulsbus Hibernia, Dublin, 1885; J. Prince, Worthies of Devon, Exeter, 1701; H. Cotton, Fasti eceieaia Hsbernicd, 5 vols., Dublin, 18451880; T. Netter, Fasciculi Zizianiorum, ed. W. E. Shipley, pp. xiii., liii., 284, 348, 355, London, 1858; G. Lechler, John Wiclif and his English Precursors, i. 75-88, 117118, London, 1878; W. W. Capes, English Church in 14th and 16th Centuries, London, 1900; G. M. Trevelyan, England in the Ape of Wycliffe, pp. 139, 143, 172, London, 1900.
RICHARD OF ST. VICTOR: French Augustinian; b. probably in Scotland; d. at St. Victor 1173 (probably Mar. 10). At an early age he went to Paris and entered the monastery of canons regular at St. Victor several years before the death of Hugo of St. Victor (q.v.), whose pupil he was. In 1159 he was subprior and in 1162 became prior, although the incapacity of the abbot caused double responsi-