JUSTUS: First bishop of Rochester and fourth archbishop of Canterbury; d. at Canterbury Nov. 10, 627. He was sent to England with Mellitus (q.v.) and others in 601. Augustine (q.v.) consecrated him bishop for West Kent in 604 and Ethelbert, king of Kent, built him a church at Rochester. In 617 during the heathen reaction under Eadbald, with Mellitus he fled into Gaul, but was recalled after a year and restored to his bishopric (see LAURENCE OF CANTERBURY; MELLITUS). He succeeded Mellitus as archbishop in 624, consecrated Romanus as his successor at Rochester, and sent Paulinus (q.v.) to Northumbria. He received the pallium from Boniface V.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: Bede, Hist. eccl., i. 29, ii. 3, 4, 8. 18; Haddan and Stubbs, Councils, iii. 72-81; W. F. Hook, Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, i. 99-109, London, 1860; W. Bright, Chapters of Early English Church Hist., passim, Oxford, 1897; DCB, iii. 592-593.
JUVENAL, ju've-nal: First patriarch of
Jerusalem; d. c. 458. Of his life little is known, and
the date and place of his birth, consecration, and
death are also uncertain. The aim of his life was to
make Jerusalem one of the important sees of
Christendom, and the Council of Nicaea had, as a matter
of fact, accorded the bishop of Jerusalem special
rank and honor, though it placed him under the
jurisdiction of the metropolitan of Caesarea,
Juvenal endeavored to realize the concession, and took
the first step in this direction by transcending his
authority in consecrating in the neighborhood a
certain Peter bishop of a newly converted tribe of
Saracens and attaching him as so-Called bishop "of
Tarembolae" (i.e., "of the camp") to the see
of Jerusalem, most probably in 425. This was
considered a distinct breach of canon law by the
metropolitan of Caesarea. The resulting difficulties
came to a head at the Council of Ephesus in 431.
The conditions of the time favored Juvenal.
Nestorius, patriarch of Constantinople, was accused of
heresy; Cyril of Alexandria was temporarily
imprisoned; John of Antioch held a separate council;
and the see of Rome was represented only by
legates. To Juvenal, therefore, in Cyril's absence
fell the right of precedence in signing the
resolutions; or, in case Cyril was present, Juvenal's name
came second. Juvenal did not hesitate to make
the most of these conditions. He summoned John
of Antioch to proceed at once to Ephesus, ranked