BackContentsNext

KLARER, kldr'er, WALTER: Swiss Reformer; b. at Hundwil, canton of Appenzell, 1499; d. there 1566. He attended the schools in St. Gall, Schaff hausen, and Bern, and then spent four years in the Stipendium regium at Paris, where he studied canon law. He joined the Reformation at its very start, and in 1522 became pastor in his native town. In 1531 he officiated at Herisau, in 1532 at Gossau. During the following ten years he was preacher of Urnasch, in the canton of Appenzell, and from 1543 to 1566 again in Hundwil. He took part in a number of important conferences and disputations, including the Disputation of Bern in 1528. In 1565 he wrote, from memory, a brief history of the Ref ormation in Appenzell from 1521 to 1531 (ed. J. J. Simler, from a German copy, the original being lost, in Sammlung alter and neuer Urkunden, pp. 803-840, Zurich, 1759; reprinted by Heim from another German copy in the Appenzell Year Book for 1873, pp. 86-106). (EMIL EOLIt.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Some data from autobiographic sources appeared, ed. Walser, in Appanzeller Chronik, 1740, pp. 390391; other material is scattered through the sources of the history of the Swiss Reformation.

KLAUS, BROTHER See FLUE, NIKOLAUs VON (DER).

KLEINERT, klainert, HUGO WILHELM PAUL: German Protestant; b. at Vielguth (near Bernstadt, 22 m. e. of Breslau), Silesia, Sept. 25, 1837. He studied at Breslau and Halle (Ph.D., 1857; lie. theol., Breslau, 1860), and was deacon and teacher of religion at the gymnasium of Oppeln 1861-63, and teacher in the Friedrich-Wilhelm gymnasium in Berlin 1863-65. He was then inspector at the Domkandidatenstift, Berlin, 18651867, and preacher at St. Gertrude's in the same city 1867-77. Meanwhile, in 1864, he had become privatdocent for Old-Testament exegesis at the University of Berlin, where he was appointed associate professor of the same subject in 1868. Since 1877 he has been professor of Old-Testament exegesis and practical theology. He was made a consistorial counselor in 1873 and in 1894 was created a supreme consistorial counselor. In theology he is Evangelical, although he belongs to the critical school. He has written Ueber das Buch Koheleth (Berlin, 1864); Augustin cared Goethe's Faust (1866); Schillers religiose Bedeutung (1866); the commentary on Obadiah, Jonah, and Micah in J. P. Lange's Btbelwerk (Bielefeld, 1869; Eng. tranal., New York, 1874); Untersuch-

ungen zur alttestamentlichen Rechts- und Literaturgeschiehte (1872); Abriss der Einleitung zum Allen Testaments in Tabellenform (Berlin, 1878); Die revidierte Lutherbibel (Heidelberg, 1883); Zur christlichen Kultur and Kulturgeschichte (Berlin, 1889); Der preussische Agenden-Entwurf (Goths, 1894); Selbatgesprache am Krankerh and Sterbelager (Berlin, 1896); Die Profeten Israela in. aoeialer Beziehung (Leipsie, 1905); Homiletik (1907); and Musik uud Religion, Gottesdienst and Volksfeier (1908).

gLEUKER, klei'ker, JOHANN FRIEDRICH: German Protestant apologete; b. at Osterode (41 m. s.s.e. of Hanover) Oct. 24, 1749; d. at Kiel May 31, 1827. He studied philosophy and theology at Gtittingen, where he distinguished himself by his restless energy and capacity for work. As private tutor at Buckeburg he formed a friendship with Herder, through whose influence he was appointed prorector at Lemgo. This post he exchanged for a gymnasial rectorship at 0snabriick in 1778. During the last twenty-eight years of his life he was professor of theology at Kiel. He was a stanch adversary of the rationalism of the time and a prominent representative of a theosophicalBiblical supernaturalism on a historical basis. His theology was distinctly Christocentric. He regarded Christianity as the highest revelation of God, to teach man the nature of the highest good, the kingdom of God, and to enable him to participate in its realization. His numerous works attest not only his industry, but also his sound scholarship, espt-cially in Oriental languages, patristic, and classical literature. They include: Menschlicher Versuch caber den Sohn Gottes and der Menschen (Leipsie, 1776); Johannes, Petrus and Paulus als Christologen betrachtet (Riga, 1785); Salomonische Denkwiirdigkeiten (1785); Neue Priifung and Erklarung der vorziiglichsten Beweise fur die Wahrheit des Christenthums (3 parts, 1787-94); Ausfiihrliehe Untersuchung der Grande fur die Aechtheit and Glaubwiirdigkeit der schriftlichen Urkunden des Christenthums (5 parts, Leipsie, 1793-99); and Grundriss einer Encyclopddie der Theologie (2 parts, Hamburg, 1800-01).

(F. ARNOLD.) BIBLIOGRAPHY: H. Ratjen, Johann Friedrich Kleuker and

Briefe an seine Freunde, Gtittingen, 1882; C. E. Carstens, Geechichte der theologiachen Pakultfit zu Kiel, 1875; Vol-

behr, Pro,/eaaoren and Docenten der Chraatian-Albrechts Univeraitdt zu Kiel, Kiel, 1887.

gLIEFOTH, kli'f6th, THEODOR FRIEDRICH

DETHLOF: German Lutheran; b. at Kbrehow

near Wittenburg (17 m. s.w. of Schwerin), Mecklen

burg-Schwerin, Jan. 18, 1810; d. at Schwerin Jan.

26, 1895. He was educated at the gymnasium of

Schwerin, and at the Universities of Berlin and Ros

tock. In 1833 he was appointed in

Life. structor of Duke William of Mecklen

burg, and in 1837 accompanied Grand

Duke Frederick Francis as tutor to Dresden. He

became pastor at Ludwigslust in 1840, and super

intendent of Schwerin in 1844. Since 1835 he had

been the leading spirit in the ecclesiastical and

theological affairs of his state. With the abolish

ment of the old constitution of the estates in 1848

351

[Page 351]

352

[Page 352]

353

[Page 353]

354

[Page 354]

355

[Page 355]

356

[Page 356]

357

[Page 357]

358

[Page 358]

359

[Page 359]

360

[Page 360]

361

[Page 361]

362

[Page 362]

363

[Page 363]

364

[Page 364]

365

[Page 365]

366

[Page 366]

367

[Page 367]

368

[Page 368]

369

[Page 369]

370

[Page 370]

371

[Page 371]

372

[Page 372]

373

[Page 373]

374

[Page 374]

375

[Page 375]

376

[Page 376]

377

[Page 377]

378

[Page 378]

379

[Page 379]

380

[Page 380]

381

[Page 381]

382

[Page 382]

383

[Page 383]

384

[Page 384]

385

[Page 385]

386

[Page 386]

387

[Page 387]

388

[Page 388]

389

[Page 389]

390

investigations on the Pentateuch such as Beitrage zur Verteidigung und Begrundung der Einheit des Pentateuchs (Konigsberg, 1844) and Die Einheit der Genesis (Berlin, 1846). Later Kurtz changed his opinion and, like Delitzsch, distinguished different sources in the Pentateuch, but considered all as belonging to the time of Moses. The historical reality of the account in the Pentateuch and its character of revelation are the fundamental presuppositions of his work. The Lehrbuch der heiligen Geschichte had been followed in 1844 by Christliche Religionslehre (15th ed., Leipsic, 1902), which, like the former work, was destined for use in secondary schools. In 1849 appeared the Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte fur Studierende (14th ed., by N. Bonwetsch and P. Tschackert, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1906; Eng. transl., Church History, 3 vols., London and New York, 1889-90) and in 1852 the Leitfaden, since the third ed. (1856) called the Abriss der Kirchengeschichte (16th ed., Leipsic, 1906). Kurtz's works on church history are distinguished by his peculiar gift of clearly arranging and condensing his material and making prominent the most characteristic features in popular and vigorous language.

(N. BONWETSCH.)

BackContentsNext