BIBLIOGRAPHY: Some data from autobiographic sources appeared, ed. Walser, in Appanzeller Chronik, 1740, pp. 390391; other material is scattered through the sources of the history of the Swiss Reformation.
KLAUS, BROTHER See FLUE, NIKOLAUs VON (DER).
KLEINERT, klainert, HUGO WILHELM PAUL: German Protestant; b. at Vielguth (near Bernstadt, 22 m. e. of Breslau), Silesia, Sept. 25, 1837. He studied at Breslau and Halle (Ph.D., 1857; lie. theol., Breslau, 1860), and was deacon and teacher of religion at the gymnasium of Oppeln 1861-63, and teacher in the Friedrich-Wilhelm gymnasium in Berlin 1863-65. He was then inspector at the Domkandidatenstift, Berlin, 18651867, and preacher at St. Gertrude's in the same city 1867-77. Meanwhile, in 1864, he had become privatdocent for Old-Testament exegesis at the University of Berlin, where he was appointed associate professor of the same subject in 1868. Since 1877 he has been professor of Old-Testament exegesis and practical theology. He was made a consistorial counselor in 1873 and in 1894 was created a supreme consistorial counselor. In theology he is Evangelical, although he belongs to the critical school. He has written Ueber das Buch Koheleth (Berlin, 1864); Augustin cared Goethe's Faust (1866); Schillers religiose Bedeutung (1866); the commentary on Obadiah, Jonah, and Micah in J. P. Lange's Btbelwerk (Bielefeld, 1869; Eng. tranal., New York, 1874); Untersuch-
ungen zur alttestamentlichen Rechts- und Literaturgeschiehte (1872); Abriss der Einleitung zum Allen Testaments in Tabellenform (Berlin, 1878); Die revidierte Lutherbibel (Heidelberg, 1883); Zur christlichen Kultur and Kulturgeschichte (Berlin, 1889); Der preussische Agenden-Entwurf (Goths, 1894); Selbatgesprache am Krankerh and Sterbelager (Berlin, 1896); Die Profeten Israela in. aoeialer Beziehung (Leipsie, 1905); Homiletik (1907); and Musik uud Religion, Gottesdienst and Volksfeier (1908).
gLEUKER, klei'ker, JOHANN FRIEDRICH: German Protestant apologete; b. at Osterode (41 m. s.s.e. of Hanover) Oct. 24, 1749; d. at Kiel May 31, 1827. He studied philosophy and theology at Gtittingen, where he distinguished himself by his restless energy and capacity for work. As private tutor at Buckeburg he formed a friendship with Herder, through whose influence he was appointed prorector at Lemgo. This post he exchanged for a gymnasial rectorship at 0snabriick in 1778. During the last twenty-eight years of his life he was professor of theology at Kiel. He was a stanch adversary of the rationalism of the time and a prominent representative of a theosophicalBiblical supernaturalism on a historical basis. His theology was distinctly Christocentric. He regarded Christianity as the highest revelation of God, to teach man the nature of the highest good, the kingdom of God, and to enable him to participate in its realization. His numerous works attest not only his industry, but also his sound scholarship, espt-cially in Oriental languages, patristic, and classical literature. They include: Menschlicher Versuch caber den Sohn Gottes and der Menschen (Leipsie, 1776); Johannes, Petrus and Paulus als Christologen betrachtet (Riga, 1785); Salomonische Denkwiirdigkeiten (1785); Neue Priifung and Erklarung der vorziiglichsten Beweise fur die Wahrheit des Christenthums (3 parts, 1787-94); Ausfiihrliehe Untersuchung der Grande fur die Aechtheit and Glaubwiirdigkeit der schriftlichen Urkunden des Christenthums (5 parts, Leipsie, 1793-99); and Grundriss einer Encyclopddie der Theologie (2 parts, Hamburg, 1800-01).
(F. ARNOLD.) BIBLIOGRAPHY: H. Ratjen, Johann Friedrich Kleuker andBriefe an seine Freunde, Gtittingen, 1882; C. E. Carstens, Geechichte der theologiachen Pakultfit zu Kiel, 1875; Vol-
behr, Pro,/eaaoren and Docenten der Chraatian-Albrechts Univeraitdt zu Kiel, Kiel, 1887.
gLIEFOTH, kli'f6th, THEODOR FRIEDRICH
DETHLOF: German Lutheran; b. at Kbrehow
near Wittenburg (17 m. s.w. of Schwerin), Mecklen
burg-Schwerin, Jan. 18, 1810; d. at Schwerin Jan.
26, 1895. He was educated at the gymnasium of
Schwerin, and at the Universities of Berlin and Ros
tock. In 1833 he was appointed in
Life. structor of Duke William of Mecklen
burg, and in 1837 accompanied Grand
Duke Frederick Francis as tutor to Dresden. He
became pastor at Ludwigslust in 1840, and super
intendent of Schwerin in 1844. Since 1835 he had
been the leading spirit in the ecclesiastical and
theological affairs of his state. With the abolish
ment of the old constitution of the estates in 1848