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485 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Gibbons Giohtel Lincoln in 1716, and bishop of London in 1723. For years he was the intimate friend and chief adviser of Sir Robert Walpole in ecclesiastical matters. His crusade against court masquerades and his opposition to Walpole's Quakers' Relief Bill cost him the appointment to the archbishopric of Can terbury in 1737. Ten years later the arcLbishopric was offered him, but he declined on account of age and infirmity. Besides tracts, sermons, and pas toral letters, some of which were directed against deists, freethinkers, and Methodists, his principal publications were, Synodus Anglicani, or the Con stitution and Proceedings of an English Convocation (London, 1702: ed. E. Cardwell, Oxford, 1854), which now forms the text-book for all proceedings in convocation; Codex juris ecclesiastici Anglicani; or the Statutes, Constitutions, Canons, Rubrics, and Articles of the Church of England (2 vols., 1713), a monument of research and still the highest au thority on church law; and A Preservative against Popery (3 vols., 1734; ed. J. Cumming, 18 vols., 1848-49; Supplement, 8 vols., 1849), a collection of treatises on the subject by various eminent English divines. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Some Account of . . . Dr. B. Gibson, Lon don, 1749 (by R. Smalbroke7); W. Co", Memoirs of Horatio Lord Walpole, vol. ii.. London, 1808; A. b. Wood, Atheno Oxoniensea, ed. P. Bliss, iv. 540, London, 1820 DNB, xxi. 274-275; J. H. Overton and F. Reltn, The English Church, . . . 1714-1800, pp. 99-120 et passim, London, 1906.
GIBSON, JOHN MONRO: English Presbyterian; b. at Whithorn (9 m. s. of Wigtown), Gallowayshire, Scotland, Apr. 24, 1838. He studied at the University of Toronto (B.A., 1862) and Knox College, Toronto, from which he was graduated in 1864. He was classical tutor in Knox College 1864 and pastor of Erskine Church, Montreal, 1864-74, as well as lecturer in Old and New Testament exegesis in the Presbyterian College, Montreal, 1868-74. He was then pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church, Chicago, 1874--80, and since 1880 has been pastor of St. John's Wood Presbyterian Church, London. He was moderator of the Synod of the Presbyterian Church of England in 1891 and president of the National Council of Evangelical Free Churches in England and Wales in 1898, of which he was also honorary secretary 1898-1905. He is an honorary secretary of the Religious Tract Society, and in theology is a liberal Evangelical, although he holds firmly to the cardinal truths of Christianity. He has written Ages before Moses (New York, 1879); The Foundations (lectures on the evidences of Christianity; Chicago, 1880); The Mosaic Era (London, 1881); Rock versus Sand (1883); Pomegranates from an English Garden (New York, 1885); Christianity according to Christ (London, 1888); The Gospel according to St. Matthew in The Expositor's Bible (1890); Acts in People's Bible History (1895); Unity and Symmetry of the Bible (1896); From Fact to Faith (1898); A Strong City and Other Sermons (1899); The Glory of Life (1900); Apocalyptic Sketches (1901); Protestant Principles (1901); and The Devotional Study of Holy Scripture (1905).
GIBSON, MARGARET DUNLOP: English Orientalist; b. at Irvine (22 m. s.w. of Glasgow), Ayr-
shire, Scotland. She was the daughter of John Smith, solicitor, Irvine, Ayrshire, was educated at private schools and by university tutors, and in 1883 married Rev. James Young Gibson, who died three years later. She has visited Sinai five times, and in company with her sister, Mrs. Agnes Smith Lewis, has made important discoveries of Arabic and Syriac manuscripts of the Bible, among them the justly celebrated and important Sinaitic Syriac codex of the Gospels, upon which both have done excellent work. A rigid Presbyterian and very decidedly Protestant, she and her sister gave the site for Westminster Theological College, Cambridge, and laid its corner-stone in 1897. She has edited An Arabic Version of St. Paul's Epistles to the Romans, Corinthians, Galatians, and Ephesians (London, 1894); Apocrypha Sinaitica (1896); An Arabic Version of the Acts of the Apostles and the Seven Catholic Epistles (1899); The Palestinian Syriac Lectionary of the Gospels (in collaboration with Mrs. Lewis, 1899); Apocrypha Arabica (1901); and The Didascalia Apostolorum (Syriac text and translation; 2 vols., 1903); and has written, in addition to a number of tracts, Catalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts in the ~Conmnt of St. Catharine on Mount Sinai (London, 1894).
GIBSON, ROBERT ATKINSON: Protestant Episcopal bishop of Virginia; b. at Petersburg, Va., July 9, 1846. After serving as a private in the First Virginia Artillery of the Confederate Army 1864-65, he was graduated at Hampden-Sidney College in 1867; and at the Virginia Theological Seminary in 1870. He became a missionary in southern Virginia, 1870, assistant of St. James' and curate of Moore Memorial Chapel, Richmond, Va., 1872; rector of Trinity Church, Parkersburg, W. Va., 1878, of Christ Church, Cincinnati, O., 1887. He was consecrated sixth bishop of Virginia, 1897.
GICHTEL, gl'H'tel, JOHANN GEORG: German ascetic and mystic; b. at Regensburg-May 14, 1638; d. at Amsterdam Jan. 21, 1710. He was a descendant of a Protestant family, and the religious impulse was awakened in him at an early age. He studied theology and history at Strasburg' but after the death of his father he took up the study of law and settled in Regensburg as a lawyer, but his religious life received a new impulse through his association with Justinian Ernst von Weltz (q.v.), a Hungarian baron who was endeavoring to propagate his ideas concerning a reformation of the Church, a reconciliation between the Lutherans and Reformed, and a revival of missionary activity. They aroused the suspicion of the orthodox clergy, however, and were denounced as fanatics. Weltz now resolved upon a missionary tour to South America and was accompanied by Gichtel as far as Holland. There mysticism, the natural trend of his religious development and disposition, claimed him for his own, and Friedrich Breckling, a mystic preacher in Zwo11e, exerted a decisive influence upon him.
The external church service now seemed to Gichtel an obstacle to inner communion with God, and he felt himself called to take up, the battle