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Paul invented by a process of reflection, such as the vicarious atonement through Christ's death. It would seem as if there could be no terms of agreement between this school and the received views of the Church. For what is fundamental in the views of the Church is in part completely set aside if the distinctive theology of the Pauline epistles is without warrant in fact and only a product of the Apostle's own brain.

Prof. Alfred Seeberg of Dorpat, in his Katechismus der Urchristenheit (Leipsic, 1903), has attempted to arrange the articles of a supposed primitive catechism of fundamental tenets, which, he thinks, it was the custom to carry or send to new churches for their adoption. He bases the existence of such a formula upon Rom. vi. 17 (" that form of doctrine which was delivered you "), II Thess. ii. 15, and other passages, and reconstructs it on the basis of I Cor. xv. 3-5 and other Pauline statements. He includes in it a belief in the divine mission of the Son of God, his crucifixion, resurrection, ascension, and second coming. This formula became the nucleus of the Apostles' Creed and was the kernel of apostolic preaching. The treatment is suggestive and points to the fact that in the pages of the New Testament as they have been preserved there is a distinctive set of tenets which were new when they were proclaimed and composed the early Christian teaching.

An indirect attempt to define what is fundamental in the Christian system was made in the so-called Chicago-Lambeth Articles, adopted first by the General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Chicago, 1886, and then by the Lambeth Conference in 1888 (see LAMBETH CONFERENCE). They were intended as an invitation to church union and a basis for it, but were officially rejected by the Presbyterian General Assembly in the United States and were unfavorably received by other bodies. The fundamentals of the Articles (called the " Quadrilateral " because four in number) were: " The Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments as containing all things necessary to salvation, and as being the rule and ultimate standard of faith; the Apostles' Creed, as the baptismal symbol, and the Nicene Creed, as the sufficient statement of the Christian faith; the two sacraments ordained by Christ himself-baptism and the Supper of the Lord-ministered with unfailing use of Christ's words of institution and of the elements ordained by him; the historic episcopate locally adapted in the methods of its administration to the varying needs of the nations and peoples called of God into the unity of his Church."

D. S. SCHAFF.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: W. Chillingworth, The Religion of Protestants, i. 4-5, Oxford, 1638; W. Sherlock, A Discourse about Christian Unity, Being a Defence of Bp. Stillinggett's Unreasonableness of Separation, chap. v., pp. 248-316, London, 1681; J. A. Turretin, A Discourse concerning the Fundamental Articles in Religion ib 1720; D. Waterland, A Discourse of Fundamental, ib. 1735 (v. 73-104 of ed. of Oxford, 1843); Tholuek, in Deutsche Zeitsehrift fir christlidee Theologie, 1851. Modern treatments of the subject do not appear under the title of Fundamentals; the topic is discussed more or lees directly in writings upon Christian Unity and Church Union, e.g., A. M. Fairbairn, The Place of Christ in Modern Theology, New York, 1893; J. Martinesu, The Seat of Authority in Religion,

London, 1898; A. Harnack, Das Weaen des Christentums, Berlin, 1900, Eng. tranel., What is Christianity, New York, 1901, which was ably answered by H. Cremer, Do# Wesen des Christentums, Giitersloh, 1901, Eng. tranel., Reply to Harnack an "The Essence of Christianity," New York. 1904. Consult also R. D. Browne, The Fundamental Truths of the Catholic Church, London, 1890.

FUNK, FRANZ XAVER: German Roman Catholic; b. at Abtsgmund, Wurttemberg, Oct. 12, 1840; d. at Tiibingen Feb. 24, 1907. He studied in Tiibingen (Ph.D., 1863) and at Rottenburg, and was ordained to the priesthood in 1864. He then studied for a year in Paris, and was lecturer in the Wilhehnstift at Tiibingen 1866-70. In 1870 he was appointed professor of church history, patrology, and archeology at Tiibingen. He wrote Zina and Witcher (Tiibingen, 1868); Geachichte des kirchlichen Zinsverbotes (1876); Die Echtheit der ignatianischen Briefe (1882); Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte (Rottenburg, 1886); Dxtrina duodeeim apostolorum (Tiibingen, 1887); Die katholieette Landesuniver8ittit Ellwangen (1889); Die apostolischen Konstitutionen (Rottenburg, 1891); Kirchengeschichtliche Abhandlungen urtd Untersuchungen (3 vols., Paderborn, 1897-1907); Das Testament unseres Herrn and die venuandten S chriften (Mainz, 1901); and Dddascalia et Constitutionm apostolorum (2 vole., 1905).

FUNK, ISAAC KAUFMANN: Lutheran; b at Clifton, O., Sept. 10, 1839. He was graduated at Wittenberg College in 1860 and was ordained to the Lutheran ministry in 1861. He was pastor at Carey, 0.,1862-64 and of St. Matthew's Evangelical Lutheran Church, Brooklyn, 1865-72. He then resigned from the ministry, and after a tour of Europe, Egypt, and Palestine was associate editor of The Christian Radical (Pittsburg, Pa.) 1872-73 and of The Union Advocate (New York) 1873-75. In 1876 he founded The Metropolitan Pulpit and in the following year The Complete Preacher, merging the two in 1878 into The Homiletic Monthly, which has been called The Homiletic Review, since 1885. He established The Voice, a total-abstinence paper, in 1880, The Missionary Review in 1888, and The Literary Digest in 1889. In 1878 he entered into partnership with Adam Willis Wagnalls, founding the publishing firm which was incorporated in 1890 as the Funk & Wagnalls Company. He has thus been instrumental in publishing a large number of theological works, among which mention may be made of The Jewish Encyclopedia, the Schaf-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, and The Standard Bible Dictionary. He is editorin-chief of A Standard Dictionary of the English Language, and has edited G. Croly's Salathiel under the title Tarry Thou Till 1 Come (New York, 1901), and has written The Next Step in Evolution (New York, 1902); The Widow's Mile and Other Psychic Phenomena (1904); and The Psychic Riddle (1907).

FUNSTEN, JAMES ' BOWEft : Protestant EpiscopaI missionary bishop of Idaho; b. at The Highlands, Clarke Co., Va., July 23, 1856. He studied at the Virginia Military Institute, Lexington (C.E., 1875), and the University of Virginia (LL.B., 1878), and after practising law for a short time; entered the Theological Seminary at Alexan-