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Fnlaentins Ferrandus Fa1ler

J. GBsemann, Beitrdpe sur. Gewhidte des P9rstenfhume Fulda, Fulda, 1857; K. Arnd, Gesrhiehte do Hochstifts Pulda,Frsnkfort, 1862; J. Gegenbaur. Das Kloster Pulda sm RarolingeP Zeitalter, 2 parts, Fulds,1871-73; A.Hartmann, ZeitpdrAishte von Pulda, ib. 1895; E. Heydenreieh, Dae alteste Puldaer' Cartular in Staatsarchive au Marburg. Leipsic, 1899; Die ersten Anfange der Bau- and %uns6 thatipksit des Klosters Pulda, Fulda, 1900; G. Rioter, Quellen and Abhandlunpen our Geschichtc der Abtei Pulda, Fulda, 1904; %L, iv. 2100-13; Rettberg, %D, vol. i.; Hauck, AD, i. 564 aqq.; and the literature under BAIr TBALAR oh DEBNBACB.

FULGENTIUS FERRANDUS: Deacon at Car thage; d. there before 547. He suffered ban ishment from Africa under the Vandal King Thrasamund and accompanied his friend and teacher, Fulgentius of Ruspe (q.v.), into exile to Sardinia, but returned to Africa in 523 and became deacon at Carthage. Nothing is known of his later life. Apart from an anonymously transmitted bi ography of Fulgentius of Ruspe (MPL, lxv. 117 150), he left behind him several letters and circulars on dogmatic and ethical questions (MPL, lxvii. 887 948). Best known, and of greatest interest as regards church history, is the circular addressed in 546 to the Roman deacons Pelagius and Anato lius on the occasion of the Three Chapter Contro versy (q.v.). The title is, Pro epistula Ibce episcopi Edesseni adeoque de tribus capitulia eoncilii Chalce donensis adversus acephalos. Fulgentius expresses himself very positively against the contemplated condemnation of the Three Chapters; and he succeeded in confirming the African bishops in their opposition. There may still be mentioned, as of moment for the history of canon law, his Breviatio car nonum (MPL, Ixvii. 949-962), a compilation of the church regulations at that time operative in North Africa. G. KBtlGEH.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: The Letters of Fulgentius are collected in A. Mai, Scriptorum veterum nova collsdio, iii. 2, pp. 169184, 10 vole., Rome, 1825-38; A. Reifferscheid, Aneodota Casineneia, pp. 5-7, Wratislaw, 1871-72; O. Bardenhewer, Patrolopie, p. 544, Freiburg, 1901; DCB, ii. 583-584.

FULGEWTTIUS OF RUSPE: Bishop of Ruspe in the province of Byzacena, North Africa; b. at Telepte, North Africa, 468; d. at Ruspe Jan. 1, 533. He was born of a senatorial family, and on account of his good education and practical ability obtained at an early age the office of fiscal procurator, but, under the influence of Augustine's writings, he soon entered a cloister and subjected himself to the strictest asceticism. The persecutions of catholics under the Vandal King Thrasamund drove him from his home to Sicily and Rome about 500. On his return he became abbot of a small island cloister on the African coast, and in 508 (or 507) bishop of Ruspe. Scarcely had he entered upon his office when with other catholics he was banished from North Africa. With many of his fellow exiles, including his biographer, Fulgentius Ferrandus (q.v.), he settled at Cagliari, Sardinia, where he developed great practical and literary activity and became the recognized leader of the exiles in their efforts to effect their return to Africa. In 515 Thrasamund summoned him to a disputation that he had arranged between catholics and Arians, but Fulgentius, persisting in his conviction, had to return into exile. He was likewise drawn into the disputes of the Eastern Church by request of the bo-

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called Scythian monks (see SEMI-PELAGLINIBM THEOPABCHrTEB). On the death of Thrasamund in 523 he returned to Ruspe and resumed the administration of his diocese, which he resigned a year before his death.

Fulgentius was one of the most influential champions of orthodoxy against Arianism and Semi-Pelagisanism, to which he opposed the Augustinian doctrine, though avoiding, as far as possible, its subtleties and austerities. Of his numerous writings the most important are: Contra Arianos; Ad Thrasamundum regent Vandalorum libri iii; De remissions pu;catorum ad Buthymium libri ii; Ad Monimum la7bri iii; De veritate pradestinationis et gratite deb ad Johannem et Venerdum libri iii; De fide sive de regula verse fidet ad Petrum, his best-known and most valuable writing; and Liber de incarnations et gratin domini nosh Jesu Christi, addressed to the Scythian monks, and also designated as Epist. (xvii.) ad Petrum diaconum. The best edition of the works of Fulgentius is that of L. Mangeant (Paris, 1684; reprinted in MPL,1xv.105-1018). G. KR$GER.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: O. Bardenhewer, Patrolopie, pp. 544 @lq.. Freiburg, 1901; F. Wbrter, Zur Dopmsnpesrhiehte des Semipeiapianismus. MRneter, 1900; Harnack, Dogma, v. 258 aqq., 293; DCB, ii. 576-583 (rather detailed); ABB, Jan., i. 32-45.

FULKE, WILLIAM: English Puritan; b. in London 1538; d. Aug. 28, 1589. He. was educated at St. Paul's School, London, and at St. John's College, Cambridge (B.A., 1558; M.A., 1563; B.D., 1568; D.D., 1572). After studying law for six years at Clifford's Inn he returned to Cambridge to study theology. He was appointed fellow in 1564, principal lecturer of his college in 1565, and preacher and Hebrew lecturer in 1567. On his return to Cambridge he allied himself with Thomas Cart wright (q.v.), became a zealous champion of Puri tanism and an opponent of Roman Catholicism. He took a prominent part in the vestiarian con troversy, inducing about 300 students, at one time, to discard the surplice in the chapel of St. John's. This led to his expulsion, but he was soon restored to his fellowship. On being narrowly defeated for the headship of his college in 1569 he retired from the university and shortly afterward secured the livings of Warley in Essex, and Dennington in Suffolk. In 1572 he accompanied Lord Lincoln to France and was one of the friends who persuaded Cartwright to return to England. In 1578 he ob tained the mastership of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, which he held till his death. He was also vice chancellor of the university in 1581. The same year he was deputed to hold a public disputation with Edmund Campion (q.v.) in the Tower of Lon don, and in 1582 he was one of twenty-five theolo gians appointed to hold disputations with Roman Catholic priests and Jesuits. He was one of the ablest controversialists of his time. Of his numer ous polemic writings, directed largely against the leaders of the Counterreformation in England, the most important are: T. Stapleton and Martian (T- Popish Heretics) Confuted (London, 1580; ed. R. Gibbings for the Parker Society, Cambridge, 1848); A Defense of the Sincere and True Trans lations o f the Holy Scriptures into the English Tongue, t. , ~:_j:.w.