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d. at Manchingen (7 m. n.w. of Stuttgart) June 1, 1797. He went through the usual course of study of the Wurttemberg theologians, became preacher in Hohenasperg in 1742, in Metterzimmern in 1747, and in Manchingen in 1760. Though he always remained a simple country parson, he possessed a marked personality, an original wit ,and a clear perception which in its judgment of men and things was remarkably accurate. He was sincere, upright, and courageous enough to tell the truth to the reigning duke and his courtiers. His theological position was that of Bengel, whose disciple he was, and he was as mild as his teacher and avoided all theological Sad churchly extremes, both of Pietism and of rationalism.

J. F. Flattich, Heidelberg, 1873; idem, Z9pe Gus dam Lebm lee . . . J. F. Flattich, Stuttgart, 1873; C. Schafer, Flatr"'s pddagopiachea System, Frankfort, 1871; P. Paulus, J. F. Flattieh, sin Sokrates unserer Zeit, Stuttgart, 1875; G. Weitbreht, J. F. FlattdWs psydolopiache Beitrdpe aw Gymnasialpddapopik, ib. 1873.

FLAVEL, JOHN: English Presbyterian; b. At Bromsgrove (12 m. s.s.w. of Birmingham), Worcestershire, c. 1630; d. at Exeter, Devonshire, June 26, 1691. He studied at Oxford and in 1650 became curate of Diptford, in Devonshire. In 1656 he removed to Dartmouth. On being deprived of his living in 1662 by the Act of Uniformity, he continued to preach privately until the Five Mile Act (1665) drove him from Dartmouth. He then retired to Slapton, five miles away, where he continued to preach. bn the granting of the indulgence of 1671 he resumed his services at Dartmouth. Later the privilege of preaching was withdrawn from him and he was forced to seek safety in London. Afterward he returned to Dartmouth and met his people nightly at his own house, until in 1687, on the relaxation of the penal laws, they built a meeting-house for him. Flavel was a voluminous writer of popular works strongly Evangelical in sentiment, including, Husbandry Spiritualized (London, 1669); Navigation Spiritualized (1671); A Saint Indeed (1671); The Fountain of Life Opened (1672); The, Seaman's Companion (1676); and An Exposition of the Assembly's Catechism (1693). There have been several collected editions of his works (new ed., 6 vols., London, 1820), and some of his writings are still reprinted as tracts.

of his Works. Consult: A. b Wood, Athena: Oxonisnaea, ed. P. Bliss, iv. 323-326, London, 1820; S. Palmer, Non. conformists' Memorial, ii. 18-22, London, 1778.

FLAMM: The name of two bishops of Antioch. 1. Patriarch 381-404; b. in the early part of the fourth century; d. in Antioch June, 404.

of the sixty years of his life before he was consecrated bishop of Antioch in 381 little is known; Chrysostom states that he was the child of wealthy parents who died while he was still young. Despite his wealth he remained faithful to the ascetic ideal, and as an adherent of the Nicene party, to which he may have been converted by Eustathius (see EUSTATHIBs OF ANmOCH), whose last sermon he heard, was one of the Successful opponents of the Arianism of Bishop Leontius (344-357). At that period he evidently sided with the partizans of Eustathius, but after the formation of the neo-Nicene party Flavian joined it and during the banishment of Meletius (see MELETius of ANTZocH) he and his friend Diodorus (q.v.) directed the fortunes of the neo-Nicenes of Antioch with wise resistance to Arian teachings. In 378 Diodorus was consecrated bishop of Tarsus, and three years later Flavian accompanied Meletius to Constantinople, only to be chosen, after the sudden death of this bishop, his successor by the neo-Nicene majority in the First Council of Constantinople. This 'choice, however, resulted in many dissensions, the primary consequence being a revival of the Meletian schism (see MELwTIUs OF ANTlocn). Apart from this there is but scanty knowledge of his episcopate. He ordained both Chrysostom and Theodore - of Mopsuestia to the priesthood, the former in 386, while in the following year he hastened to Constantinople in a successful endeavor to appease £he emperor's anger at the affront shown him by the riotous citizens of Antioch who had mutilated the imperial statues. He emphasized the honor due to the saints, and was eager that they should be interred far from heretical graves. Flavian convened a synod of three other bishops and thirty priests and deacons to oppose the Messalians (q.v.), and Adelphins, one of their leaders, was condemned, with his followers, and excommunicated. He was still able to travel to Constantinople in 394. The precise day of his death is unknown, but it certainly was not Sept. 27, his festival in the Greek Church.

Except for an allusion of Photius to two letters of Flavian against the Memalians, one to the inhabitants of Osrhoene and the other to an Armenian bishop, only nine brief citations from nine homilies are known, seven of these being found in the Eranistea, of Theodoret and two in Leontius of Byzantium. These fragments are sufficient, however, to show that he was Antiochian in dogmatics. The oration ascribed to him by Chrysostom as delivered before Theodosius is in great part, if not entirely, the invention of his pupil.

(F. LooFs.)

FLAVL43 OF CONSTANTINOPLE: Bishop of Ccnstantinople; b. in the second half of the fourth century; d. at Hypepe in Lydia, 449. Little is known concerning him except his part in the Eutychian controversy (Bee EuTycHiAN-