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Flagellation THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG Flavian of Conatantinople many cities, as for instance, in Gubbio, Perugia, public maintained itself to the nineteenth century and Fabriano, no fewer than three, in Padua six, and in some cases to quite recent date, in East existed side by side at the same India, the Azores and the Canary Islands, Italy, 5. Later time. The direction of a number of and the southern Tyrol. Flagellation of laymen Italian these brotherhoods, though not of all,, in private at present is confined to somewhat narrow Brother- was vested in the mendicant orders. circles; thoroughgoing directions with regard to hoods. A good many of them devoted them- the most suitable kind of flagellation and the in selves also to the care of the poor and struments to be applied are given by C. Capellmann ' ls. The Italianin his Pastoralmedicin (12th ed., Aachen, 1898, p. osition in the his- 175). In the Greek Church flagellation has ap ors of the popularpeared only here and there in certain monastic drama. Even thecircles. Some Russian sects, however, are said to g religious hymnspractise it in their so-called services after a fashion Subsequently the reminding of the dervishes. HERMAN HAUPT. zealously- cultiva- BIBLIOGRAPHY: I. E. G. F&rstemann, Die christiichen more and .pore Geisalergesellachaften, Halle, 1828 (antiquates most of the d soon becoming earlier literature); J. Morinus, Commentaries hiatoncaa de discipline in administrations . . pornitentim · · ob- form in the tobook vii chap 14 pp. 471 sqq·, Antwerp. 1882; s, ra the sick, and maintained hospita flagellants occupy an important p tory of Italian literature as treat religious lyric and the spiritual early flagellants of 1260 had sung in the popular speech (laude). vernacular spiritual song was tad in the flagellant brotherhood crowding out the Latin hymns, an the most richly developed litery

Italian language. At an early period certain dramatic elements found their way into the spiritual popular song, the singers, for instance, turning with appeals and questions to Christ or Mary, and receiving answers from them. From this point it was but a alight step to complete dramatization of the laude, and the creation of the popular religious play. The stage presentation of these dramatic laude, whose theme, of course, purported to be first and foremost the history of the life and Passion of Christ, is to be rated henceforth among the principal services of the Italian flagellant brotherhoods. See RELIGIOUS DRAMAS.

From the sixteenth century onward, the Society of Jesus wrought with impassioned zeal toward the diffusion of self-castigation, especially in the Marianite sodalities under Jesuit direction. In close touch with the Jesuits were also the French penitential and flagellant brotherhoods of the six-

teenth century, which had much in6. Later fluence in the political life of France Manifests- under King Henry III (1574-89).

tioas and In Germany, too, owing mainly to the Develop- influence of the Jesuits and Capuchins, meats. the self-castigation of laymen was again widely espoused in the sixteenth century. The most notable German scholar of the Jesuit Order, Jacob Gretscher (q.v.), compiled (1806-13) a comprehensive history and vindication of self-castigation, with a view to promoting its diffusion as widely as possible. Thanks again to the Jesuits' propaganda, flagellation celebrated brilliant triumphs, after the sixteenth century, in parts beyond Europe; especially in India, Persia, Japan, the Philippines, and particularly in the American provinces of Spain. Indeed even to the present day flagellation has stoutly asserted itself in South America, Mexico, and in the southwestern portion of the United States- the brotherhoods (Ht;rmanos pen.itentes) of New Mexico and Colorado recently numbered their members by thousands, and pushed their fanaticism to the point of cruci fying their members, insomuch that Leo XIII. felt prompted to interpose against their processions. In South America. flagellation of laymen is still in many places a customary and regular practise, in specified churches, and according to ritual forms. In like manner the practise of self-castigation in aerva ·· ·

L. Holster and M. Brockie, Codes regularum monaaticarum et canonicarum, ii. 329, v. 98, 967, vi. 97, 181, 258, 278, 340. 523, Augsburg, 1759; Kober, in TQ, Ivii (187b), 3 sqq., 355 eqq.; P. Hinschius, System des katholiachen Kire)terarechta, iy. 737, 803, 814, v. 78, 547, 824, Berlin, 1887; H. C. Lea. Hint. of inquisition, i. 272, 484, ii. 381 sqq., New York, 1906; idem, H%st. of Auricular Confession

ii. 152-153, London, 1898; U. Zockler, Askew and MSnchthum, Frankfort, 1897; W. M. Cooper, Flagellation and as Flagellants, London, 1898; A. Cabarbs. La Flagellation dons fhiatoire et la littErsture, Paris. 1899; h`'tuda our la Flagellation, ib. 1899 (includes religious and primitive uses); J. Holmes, Memoirs of Private Flagellation. ib. 1899; A. Eulenberg, Sadiamua and Maaochdamua, New

York, 1902; H%et. of Flagellation among Different Nations, ib. 1904; Heimbucher, Order and Xonpregationen, ii. 221,

iii. 263; KL, iii., 1819 sqq·. 1532 sqq. II. Helyot, Ordrea monaatiques, vol. viii.; G. Lami,

Lezioni di antich%th toscane. pp. 813-671 Florence, 1788; G. B. Vermiglioli, Stories a constituzwni dally confraternity

dad Nob%li dells Giustizia, Perugia, 1848; A. Stumpf, Hietoria ftagel7antium, Halls, 1838; J. J. I. von D6llinger, in H%atoriachea Taschenbueh, 1871, pp. 322 eqq.; E. Monaci, in R%viata d% fiiologia Romanzs, i (1872). 235 eqq.;

R. Rehricht, Bibliographiache Beitrdtge our Geachishte der Geissler, in ZKG, i (1877), 313 aqq.: H: Haupt, Relipitlse Sekten in Franker, W iirzburg, 1882; Idem, in ZKG, ix (1888). 114 eqq.; R. Ilemger. Der Schwaru Tod in Deutschland, Berlin, 1882; C. Lechner, in Hiatoriaches Jahrbuch der Gorreageaellachaft, v (1884), 438 eqq.' idem, Die groese Geiaselfahrt des . . 13.49, ib. v. 437-482; A. Gaspary. Geachichte der italieniachen Litteratur, i. 141 eqq., Berlin, 1885; F. Haseaurek, Vier Jahre enter den SpaniahAmerikanern, pp. 141 aqq., Dresden, 1887; P. Fredericq, Corpus documentorum %nquisitionda . . Neerlandica, i. 190 eqq., ii. 98 eqq., Ghent, 1889-98; idem, Geachiedan%a der Inyuisitie in de Nederlanden, ii. 8 eqq., 1897; A. D 'Ancons, Origini dal teaCro italiano, vol. i. passim, Turin, 1891;

G. de Gregorio, Capitoli dells prima compagn4a di diecdplina d% San N%colb di Palermo, Palermo, 1891; W. Creisenach, Geschichte des neueren Dramas, i. 304 eqq., Halle, 1893; G. Mazzatinti, Coatituzion% dei diseiplinati d. 3. Andrea di Perugia, Forli. 1893; P. Fags, Hint. de S. Vincent Ferrier, 2 vols., Paris, 1894; E. Michael, in ZKT, xxiii. (1899) 180-181; F. Rungs, Die Lieder and Melodien der Geissler, Leipsic, 1900; G. Galli, Diaciplinanti dell Um-

bria dal 1880 ale Zoro Laud%, supplement to Giornale atorico delta letteratura Italians, Turin. 1908; P. Flade, in

Beitriige zur aocha%achen Kirchenpeach%chte. g. 81 eqq.; G. B. Menapaee. Notizie stories intorno a% battuti dal TrenClno, in Archivio Trentina, vole. ix.-a.; Nea>1der,

Christian Church, v. 412; Schaff, Christian Church, iv. 788 eqq., v. 1, pp. 875 sqq.

FLATT, JOHANN FRIEDRICH. See Tt1s>rraEx SCHOOL, THE OLDER. FLATTICH, JOHANN FRIEDRICH: Swabian

preacher and pedagogue; b. at Beihingen near Ludwigsburg (8 m. n. of Stuttgart) Oct. 3, 1713;