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gisoiw THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG F~,,gellatioa 822 --------------- of works for salvation. This controversy was against the Romanists, but nothing was achieved carried on with the same relentless, cruel, and bitter at this conference because the Evangelicals personal insinuations. In 1552 the themselves did not agree. This was owing, of 4. The Osiandrian dispute arose (see Osi- course, chiefly to Flacius. His conduct was gen Majoriatic, ANDER, ANDREAs). Osiander taught erally criticized, and he incurred the displeasure psiandrian, that justification is attained by the of many who had hitherto aided him. The so and indwelling of the essential justice of called Frankfort Recess (q.v.), convoked in 1558 by Schwenck- Christ through faith. In this case the leading Evangelical princes, was no more suc feldisa Con- Flacius put himself on the side of the cessful than the other attempts at unity. Then troversies. Melanchthonians, showing thereby that Flacius proposed a synod and fifty prominent theo the fight against his former teachers logians signed the Supplicatio pro libera, christiana was not personal. Again as a strict Lutheran, he et legitirna synodo, but all was in vain. A similar developed clearly the doctrine of forensic satis- outcome resulted from the Naumburg Convention faction. In 1553 he attacked the mystic subjec- (q.v.) of 1561. tivism of Caspar Schwenckfeld, who made a dis- In. the mean time the Synergistic dispute had tinction between an inner word of God and the arisen in Jesus (see SYNER(n6M). Victorinus letter in Holy Scripture, and here also Flacius pre- Strigel (q.v.) and Superintendent Hilgel of Jena pared the way for Lutheran orthodoxy as laid down criticized Flacius' doctrine concerning free will, in the Formula of Concord by maintaining the and Duke John Frederic immediately imprisoned identity of the external word and the word of God. them. In 1560 a disputation be In the mean time further attempts were made to 7. The tween Flacius and Strigel took place assuage the dissensions of the Magdeburg and Synergistic at Weimar, the result of which was that Wittenberg circles for the sake of concord in the Dispute. the duke confirmed the orthodoxy Evangelical party. As early as 1553 Flacius and of Flacius' doctrine. John Frederic, Gallus desired to have a committee of arbitration however, becoming tired of these perpetual con appointed, but Melanchthon was silent troversies, instituted a consistory which possessed g. Fruitless in the matter; then Duke Christopher the right of excommunication and of censorship Attempts of Wittenberg proposed a convention in regard to theological treatises. Flacius pro at Recon- of theologians, but the Thuringian tested against this procedure as an act of violence, ciliation. theologians Amsdorf and his asso- and thereupon he was deposed together with others ciates were not in favor of it and re- in 1561. quested the Wittenberg circle to condemn their He left Jena in 1562 with the bold idea of found heresies publicly. Jena in those days was the strong- ing a Lutheran academy of learned men at Regens hold of Lutheran orthodoxy against the unionistic burg. Gallus received him kindly. From here tendencies of Wittenberg. Several other attempts he continued with untiring zeal his fight against to unite the dissenting parties also failed. Now Strigel and the Calvinistic tendencies, against the Flacius published his treatise Von der Einigkeit in arrogance of secular authorities in encroaching upon which he addressed himself to the whole Church, the rights of the Church, and many other antago attempting to justify his character against sus- nists. With these polemical treatises hatred against picions and indicating the necessary steps to be him grew and his travels began to become danger taken for the insurance of peace. Shortly after- ous. The Elector Augustus of Saxony ward he wrote a letter to Melanchthon in spite of 8. Flacius especially persecuted him, and the the fact that the latter had written some verses a Wanderer. Council of Regensburg found it im accompanying a picture which represented Flacius possible to protect him longer. In as an ass crowned by other asses. With relentless Antwerp William of Orange had allowed at this severity Flacius exposed in this letter his oppo- time to the Lutherans as well as the Calvinists the nent's shortcomings concerning Adiaphorism and public exercise of their religion. The Lutheran admonished him to relieve his conscience by con- congregation, needing the counsel of experienced fession of defeat. This Melanchthon professed to German theologians, called Flacius. He arrived in be willing to do, yet he rejected the articles of peace 1566, but the following year he had to leave the proposed by Flacius. The latter was not satisfied country before the progress of the Spanish army. with this informal confession; again and again he He attempted now to settle at Frankfort-on-the requested written statements, official declarations, Main and then at Strasburg, but the cruel hatred common signatures of articles and public revoca- of the Elector Augustus reached him even here; tions. In this way the breach became irreparable. in 1569 the elector sent an envoy to Strasburg The friends of Flacius spoiled matters by treating with the commission to capture Flacius. He fled to Melanchthon as an impenitent sinner and the Basel, but was not allowed to remain, so he returned younger Philippists not less by their insolent trea- to Strasburg and in spite of the pressure exerted tises against Flacius. In 1557 Flacius was called by the elector was tolerated. But now he spoiled to Jena as professor of the New Tes- his good relations with the Strasburg clergy by his 6. Flacius tament and superintendent. Shortly opposition against the efforts at union made by Professor after his arrival a colloquy took place Jacob Andrei! (q.v.) and by his doctrine concerning in Jena. in Worms (see WORMS) at which it original sin; for he was accused of the Manichean was proposed to array Melanchthon heresy. In 1573 the Council of Strasburg decreed and his associates together with the Thuringi- his expulsion. am and other theologians of the stricter school In a treatise De pewati originalis out vderis