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819 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA

He was an active member of various home and foreign missionary societies. His principal publications are, Union d es 6glises dvangdliques de France (Paris, 1882); and Les Mats-Unis en 1861 (1802).

FMCHER, ANTON HUBERT: Cardinal; b. at Rilich (15 m. n.e. of Aachen), Germany, May 30, 1840. He studied in Bonn and Munster, and was ordained to the priesthood at Cologne in 18&3. After being instructor in religion at the gymnasium of Essen 1864-88, he was consecrated titular bishop of Juliopolis and suffragan bishop of Cologne. In 1903 he became archbishop of Cologne, and in the same year was created cardinal priest of Santi Nereo ed Achilleo, Rome. He has also been canon of Cologne Cathedral since 1888 and dean of the chapter since 1894, while in 1904 he was nominated to the Prussian House of Lords. Among his writings mention may be made of his De salute in fidelium, (Essen, 1886).

FISH.-1. Inthe O1dTestament: In the Old Testament fish are not mauled by species. The large aquatic animals, including the crocodile, are designated as tannin (see DRAGON). The food-law (Lev. xi.9-12), aiming ostensibly at a classification of fish, divides all things that move in the water into those that have scales and fins and those that have not, the former being clean, the latter unclean. Almost all fish belong to the first class. In Palestine fish abound in the Jordan, the Sea of Galilee, and in perennial brooks. The Sea of Galilee has a few varieties not found elsewhere, except in tropical waters like the Nile.

There is seldom mention of fish as food in early Biblical times. After the Exile, and with the advance of the art of cooking, fish became a mole important article of diet. The Tyrians marketed their fish, dried and salted, in Jerusalem (Neh. xiii. 16), where a city-gate near the fish-market was called the " fish-gate " (Neh. iii. 3, and elsewhere). Salt fish (Gk. tarichE) was imported from Egypt. The name of the town Tarichese on the Sea of Galilee and the frequent mention of brine in the Mishnah show that the custom of pickling fish obtained in Palestine. In the time of Jesus fish was a common article of food (Matt. vii. 10, xiv. 17, xv. 34; Luke xxiv. 42).

No account of the catching of fish has come down from the older Biblical period; but figures of speech employed by the prophets show that fishing was generally known (Amos iv. 2; Jer. xvi. 16; Ezek. xxix. 4; and elsewhere). In the New Testament professional fishers lived near the Sea of Galilee (Luke v. 1-2, and elsewhere). As regards fishing tackle, various nets are mentioned in the New Testament; the large drag-net (saglne, Matt. xiii. 47), as well as the casting-net (diktyon -the small, amphiblestron=ethe large casting-net, Matt. iv. 18-20) were certainly in use in the older period (Is. xix. 8; Hab. i. 15). Fishing-hooks (Job xli. 1; Amos iv. 2; Matt. xvii. 27) and spears or harpoons are also mentioned (Job xli. 7). Fishing was carried on chiefly by night. 1. BENzaxom.

2. As a Symbol and in Christian Art see syMHOLISM.

Biawoassrsr: The best treatment is in H. B. Tristram, Survey o/ Western Palestine, Lhe Fauna and Flora, London, 1884. A comprehensive discussion may be found in EB, ii. 1528-31, of. i. 519-523 (on " Behemoth and' Leviathan "). Consult also: DB, ii. 11-12; J. (3. Wood, Bible Animals, New York, 1883; Bensinger, ArehdolWie, pp. 39, 91, 9A, 205.

FISH, HENRY CLAY: American Baptist; b. at Halifax, Vt., Jan. 27, 1820; d. at Newark, N. J., Oct. 2, 1877. He received an academic education and, after teaching two years in Massachusetts, entered Union Theological Seminary, New York, where he was graduated in 1845. He was pastor of the Baptist church at Somerville, N. J., from 1845 till 1851, and of the First Baptist Church of Newark from 1851 till his death. During the Civil War he supported the Union, and on being drafted in June, 1864, he insisted on going to the front, but finally agreed to send a substitute. He was an ardent and efficient worker in extending the Bap tist Church, and also did much to popularize life insurance, publishing several works on the subject. His numerous religious writings and compilations include, Primitive Piety/ Revived (Boston, 1855); History and Repository of Pulpit Elaquena (2 vols., New York, 1856); Pulpit Eloquence of the Nine teenth Century (1857); Handbook o f Revivals (Bos ton, 1874); and Bible Lands Illustrated (Hartford, 1876), the result of eight months spent abroad in 1874. FISHER, GEORGE PARK: Congregationalist; b. at Wrentham, Mass., Aug. 10, 1827. He studied at Brown University (B.A., 1847), Yale Divinity School, Andover Theological Seminary (from which he was graduated in 1851), and in Germany. He was professor of divinity and college preacher in Yale College 1854-61 and professor of ecclesiastical history in the Yale Divinity School 1861-1901. He has written: The Supernatural Origin of Chris tianity (New York, 1865); Life of Benjamin Silli~ man (1866); History of the Reformation (1873; new ed., 1906); The Beginnings of Christianity (1877); Faith and Ralionallam (1879); Discussions in History and Theology (1880); The Christian Relig ion (1882); The Grounds of Theistic and Christian Belief (1883); Outlines of Universal History (1885); History of the Christian Church (1888); Manual of Christian Evidences (1890); Nature and Method of Revelation (1890); Colonial History of thhe United States (1892); Manual of Natural Theology (1893); History of Christian Doctrine (1896); Brief History o f the Nations (1896); and Edwards on the Trinity (1903).

FISHER, JOHN: Bishop of Rochester; b. at Beverley (9 m. n.n.w. of Hull), Yorkshire, 1459; d. in London June 22, 1535. He was educated in his native town and at Michaelhouse, Cambridge (B.A., 1487; M.A., 1491), of which he became master in 1497. In this same year he was appointed confessor of Margaret, Countess of Richmond and mother of the king. Four years later he was elected vice-chancellor of his university, and in 1503 he was appointed by Margaret to her newly established professorship of divinity, and in 1504 was chosen chancellor of Cambridge, being reelected annually until 1514, when he was ap.