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J. M. Neale, Hist. of the Holy Eastern Church, i. 1093, London, 1850 ; E. S. Foulkes, Historical Account of the Addition of Pilioque to the Creed, London, 1867; A. P. Stanley, Lectures on the Hist. of the Eastern Church, p. 142 aqq., ib. 1869; K. R. Hagenbach, Hint. of Christian Doctrines, ii. 205, Edinburgh, 1880; C. Adams, " Filioque," ib. 1884; G. B. Howard, Schiam between the Orien tal and the Western Churches, ib. 1892; Schaff, Christian Church, iii. 687 sqq.

FINAN, SAINT: Second bishop of Lindisfarne, where he died Aug. 31, 661. He was a monk of Iona, succeeded Aidan (q.v.) at Lindisfarne 652, and was ordained in Scotland. Aided by Oswy, king of Northumbria (642-670) and brother of St. Oswald (q.v.), he extended his missionary labors, and baptized Peada, king of Mercia, and Sigbert, king of the East Saxons. He consecrated one of his priests, Diuma, as first bishop of Mercia, Cedd (q.v.) as bishop of Essex, and Cellach as Diuma's successor. He adhered to the old British date for Easter.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Bede, Hist. ecd., iii. 17, 21, 22, 2b-27; A. P. Forbes, Kalendar of Scottish Saints, pp. 348-349, Edinburgh, 1872.

FINDLAY, GEORGE GILLANDERS: English Methodist; b. at Welahpool (18 m. s.w. of Shrewsbury), Montgomeryshire, Wales, Jan. 3, 1849. He studied at Wesley College, Sheffield (1865-67), Richmond Theological College (1869-70), and London University (B.A., 1868). He was assistant tutor at Headingley College 1870-74; classical tutor at Richmond Theological College 1874-81; and was appointed tutor in New Testament exegesis and classics in the Headingley branch of the Wesleyan Theological Institution, Leeds, 1881. He has prepared the sections on the Epistles to the Galatians (1888) and Ephesians (1892) in The Expositor's Bible (London); Epistles o f the Apostle Paul: Their Origin arid Contents (1892); Epistles of Paul the Apostle (1893); Church of Christ in the New Testament (1893); Christian Doctrine and Morals (1894); The Books of the Prophets in their Historical Succession (3 vols., 1896-1907); Thessalonians in The Cambridge Greek Testament (Cambridge, 1897); and The Things Above (London, 1902). He edited A. M. Hillier's translation of L. A. Sabatier's L'Ap4tre Paul (London, 1891).

FINLAND.

Finland is at present a grand duchy of Russia, bounded on the north by Norway, on the east by the Russian governments of Archangel and Olonetz, on the southeast and south by Lake Ladoga, the government of St. Petersburg, and the Gulf of Finland, on the west by the Gulf of Bothnia and by Sweden; area 144,000 square miles; population (1903) 2,850,000; capital Helsingfors. With the conversion to Christianity (see below) the country came under Swedish government, and so remained till 1809, when it was definitely ceded to Russia. The great majority of the people are Lutherans (98 per cent in 1900, when the number of Greek Orthodox was 46,466 and of Roman Catholics 755).

It is agreed that the Finns, a branch of the UralAltaic race, originated on the banks of the Yenisei River or Lake Baikal in Asia, and moved westward

in the course of centuries. The isor. Intro- lated position of Finland in the north, duction and between the Gulfs of Bothnia and Progress of Finland, explains the fact that it is Christianity. not mentioned in history till com-

paratively late. It came into contact with the rest of Europe through Sweden as well as by connections with the apostolic see in Rome. About 1157, King Eric IX. of Sweden, whose coasts were harassed by Finnish pirates, undertook a war of conversion against Finland. An Englishman, Henry by name, accompanied him as missionary. The Finns were forced to accept baptism and Christianity, and at the same time had to submit to foreign rule. Henry remained in the country, but soon died, as martyr: A new crusade from Sweden was unertaken in 1249 by Jarl Birger, and a third followed in 1290, under the leadership of Torkel Knutson. The Christian Church began to take root in Finland. The bishop's seat was finally fixed in Abo, where it is still, and the entire spiritual and secular administration centered there. It was the bishop's task to organize the newly founded Church, to baptize, build churches, and accustom the barbarous people to Christian manners. The bishopric of Abo was filled by a number of efficient and powerful men, who, in the beginning, were Swedes; the first Finnish bishop was Magnus I. (1291-1308). Other prominent bishops were Hemming (1338-66), Magnus Olai Tavast (1412-50), Conrad Bitze (14601489), and Magnus Stjernkors (1489-1500). They possessed the best scientific culture of their time, having studied in Paris, Leipsic, and Bologna. The bishops of Finland had an influential position, not only in the Church, but also in politics. Swedish rulers took pains to win them for their cause. A supreme court, instituted by King Eric of Pomerania, counted the bishop and several priests among its members. The bishop was elected by the cathedral chapter, but the election had to be confirmed by the pope. He had to swear allegiance to the pope, to the Church, and to the king of Sweden. The chapter consisted originally of four and later of ten canons. In 1340 there was instituted the office of cathedral provost, and in 1389 an archdeaconry. Apart from the cathedral chapter, so-called country-provosts were appointed who were entrusted with the ecclesiastical supervision of certain districts, called provostahips. Before the Reformation, the Church of Finland attained its highest development underBishop Ma,gnus Tavast (1412-50). The standard of morality among the priests was generally on a level with conditions in other countries. The Saw of celibacy, introduced in Sweden in 1248, was valid also for Finland, at least nominally. From the oldest times the people paid tithes. Now and then disputes occurred between the secular clergy and the orders, and a bull, issued in 1395 by Boniface IX., accurately defined the activity of the monks. Mendicant friars appeared in Finland as early as 1250. There were six monasteries-two of the Dominicans