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German Protestant; b. at G iistebiese, near KSnigaberg, July 28, 1821; d. at Dresden Mar. 11, 1905. He studied in Berlin (1843-1847), and in 1853 became privet-docent in theology there. In 1856 he went to Kbnigaberg as professor of theology, and in ?864, to Breslau as general superintendent for Silesia, being at the same time honorary professor at the University of Breslau. He retired from active life in 1900. He wrote Leben and Leiden der ersten Christen (Berlin, 1854); Prima Joannis epistoka argurnentum, nexus et eonsilium (1855); Die Reformation and ihre Mkrtyrer in Italien, (1855); Der Brief des Jakobus erklart (1881); Luther and die Hohenxolleryc (Breslau, 1883); and Luther and seine Beziehungen zu Schlesien, insbesondere zu Breslau (Halls, 1887). He likewise contributed the section on the books of Samuel to J. P. Lange's Theologischrhomiletisches BzTielwerk (Bielefeld, 1873; Eng. tranal. by C. H. Toy and J. A. Broadus, New York, 1877).

ERFURT, BISHOPRIC OF: A Thuringian bishopric established by Boniface in the summer of 741 with its seat at Erfurt. Previous to the erection of this see, Thuringia alone of the German stocks had had no bishopric of its own, being under the jurisdiction of Mainz. The first bishop of Erfurt seems to have been Dadanus, who was one of those present at the Auatrasian Synod of 742, and he was appaaently succeeded by Bonifaae himself. Whether this took place before or after Boniface became archbishop of Mainz is uncertain, but at all events it explains the later association of Thuringia and Mainz. (A. HAUCK.)

From the time of Boniface till the fourteenth century, episcopal acts in the Erfurt district were performed either by the archbishops of Mainz or by visiting bishops delegated for the occasion; but from 1313 to 1807 there was a regular line of coadjutors to the archbishop with their seat at Erfurt. A papal bull of 1821 placed Erfurt under the see of Paderborn.

ERIGEftA, JOHN SCOTUS. See SCOTUS, E&I(3ENA JOHANNES.

jurisdiction of the Teutonic order. Toward the end of this period it increased in importance; the attempt of the Diet of Lublin (1506) to have it established as the metropolitan see of the Prussian dioceses failed indeed, but in 1512 Julius II. released it from its nominal subordination to the archbishopric of Riga and constituted it an " exempt " bishopric. From 1525 to 1772 it was under Polish jurisdiction, and the bishops were of that nationality beginning with the celebrated Stanislaua Hoaius (1551-79; see Hosius, STaNlarnus), who was one of the presidents of the Council of Trent. After 1772 it was under Prussian rule. The bull De salute of 1821 united with it the diocese of Samland and five deaneries of Pomesauia.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Monuments hiat. Warmienaia, ed. C. P. Wolky and J. N, 8sage, Mains. 1858 eqq.; Hauck, RD, iv. 853.

ERNEST THE CONFESSOR AND THE REFORMATION IN BRUNSWICK-LUENEBURG: Duke of Brunswick-Liineburg, known as "the Confessor;" b. at Uelzen (20 m. s.s.e. of Liineburg) June 26, 1497; d. at Cells Jan. 11, 1546. In 1512 he was sent to the court of his mother's brother, the elector Frederick the Wise, at Wittenberg, and received instruction there from Georg Spalatin; he remained at Wittenberg through the beginning of the Reformation. In 1520 his father, Henry, associated with himself in the government his two eons, Otto and Ernest, and abdicated the same year. By the retirement of Otto in 1527 Ernest became sole ruler. The condition of his domain was not prosperous. Political considerations doubtless furthered the introduction of the Reformation; it offered opportunity to restrict the privileges of the nobles and the clergy and to increase the revenues from church and monastery property. The forerunner of the Reformation in Litneburg was a certain Wolf Gyclop, a physician from Zwickau, who was not free from the Zwickau enthusiasm (see ZWIHALY PROPHETS). Saner men followed him, such as Gottschalk Cruse, Heinrich Bock, sad Matthaus Mylow. Ernest was inclined to move slowly, but in 1525 the Peasants' War gave him occasion to call upon the monasteries for lists of their property and to require them to admit Protestant preachers; he promised the elector of Saxony to stand by the Protestant cause. After an attempt of the Roman Catholic party to reinstate bra father in 1527 had failed, his course became more decided. In July, 1527, the first book of discipline was adopted, drawn up by the preachers of Cells. At a diet in August of the same year it was ordered that " God's pure word should be preached everywhere without additions made by men." Between 1527 and 1530 Lutheran preachers were introduced in moat parishes, and into the monasteries, not in all cases without compulsion. Ernest went to Augsburg in 1530 and signed the Confession. He brought back Urbanua Rhegius (q.v.), who worked for the spread of the Reformation (after 1541 as superintendent) and introduced it into the city of Liineburg. The largest and richest monastery in the land, St. Michael's in Liineburg, accepted the new order after the death of Abbot Boldewin in 1532. Rhe-