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Egypt THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG 94 Egyptian Research Account chapels also exist. German congregations are found at Cairo and Alexandria, where they include the Swiss and Evangelical French. 3. Other From 1752 to 1783 the Moravians Comma- worked among the Copts, and since 1854 nions. the United Presbyterians of the United States have been engaged in mission work. The Indian prince Dalip Singh (d. 1893), who married an Evangelical Coptic woman, sup ported the mission, which in 1907 had fifty-three organized congregations and 140 stations. Fifteen ordained missionaries, thirteen lay missionaries (including five medical missionaries), sixteen mis sionary sisters, thirty ordained native ministers, thirty native auxiliary missionaries, 333 teachers, and thirty-eight colporteurs are among the number now at work. There are 25,500 baptized members, and 6,580 communicants. In 1901 the contribu tions for church purposes amounted to about $31,650. In the 169 schools 13,406 pupils were taught (including 6,852 Copts and 2,924 Moham medans), and $31,489 were contributed for educa tional work. In 1882 a mission among the Moham medans was begun by the Anglican Church Missionary Society, but its success has not been great. Since 1892 the North African Mission has worked in the same direction in the Nile delta. A small Dutch mission is also at work, as well as the Egyptian General Mission, which has its head quarters in Ireland. See also " Egypt " under title AFRICA, VOL 1., p. 67. F. i1ATTENBUSCH. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Articles which cover the whole topic ex cept Modern Egypt are DB, i. 65367; EB, ii . 1203 1247. The article in KL, i . 256-267 includes Modern Egypt. On the archeology consult: A. Erman, Life in Ancient Egypt, New York, 1894 (supersedes all earlier works); the various Reports and other publications of the two societies treated below, which give results of their operations; the publications of the Mission arehdo logique frangsiae an Caire, Paris, 1885 aqq. (a magnifi cent series of volumes dealing with various topics); G. Perrot andC. Chipiez, Hint. of Art in Ancient Egypt, 2 vole., London, 1883; W. M. F. Petrie, Historical Scarabs, London, 1889; idem, Ten Years' Digging in Egypt, New York, 1892; idem, Egyptian Decorative Art, ib. 1895; G. Maspero, Life in Ancient Egypt, ib. 1891; E. A. W. Budge, The Mummy: Chapters on Egyptian Funeral A rchhar oloyy, Cambridge, 1893; W. Max Moller, Amen and Europa reach allagyptischen Denkmtilern, L eipaic, 1893; M. Benson and J. Gourlay, The Temple of Mut in Asher illustrating the Hiat. of Egypt and the Main Relig ious Ideas of the Egyptians, London, 1899; J. de Morgan, Recherchea our lea ariyinea de L1gypte; l'dge de la pierce et lee metauz, Paris, 1895-96; H. Wallis, Egyptian Pot tery, London, 1598; M. Brodrick and A. A. Morton, Con cise Dictionary of Egyptian A rchasoIoyy, ib. 1901; J. Ca part, Les Debuts de fart en tgypte, Brussels. 1904, Eng. trans[., Primitive Art in Egypt, Philadelphia, 1905; F. W. von Bessing, Monuments of Egyptian Sculpture, New York, 1906 (typical examples of art arranged chrono logically): T. M. Davis, E. Neville, H. Carter, Theodore M. Davis' Excavations, New York, 1908; A. H. Gardiner, Inscription of Mea: Study of Egyptian Judicial Procedure, ib. 1906; G. Maspero, Manual of Egyptian A rcheaology, ib. 1906; P. E. Newberry, Scarabs: Introduction to the Study of Egyptian Seals and Signet Rings, London, 1908; H. Schneider, Kultur and Denken der alter Aeyypter, Leip sic, 1907; E. A. W. Budge, The Egyptian Sudan, its His tory and Monuments, 2 vols., London, 1907. On the history it is to be remarked that the earlier works are superseded and should be used only with the greatest care. Consult J. H. Breasted. A Hiat. o/ Egypt, New York, 1905 (in connection with this may be employed Breasted'sAncient Records of Egypt, including the Historical

Documents, 5 vole., Chicago, 1905-06); idem, History of the Ancient Egyptians, New York, 1908 (s brief and handy manual); A. Wiedemann, AegyptiacheCeachichte, Gotha, 1884; E. Meyer, Geachichte des Allertums, vol. i., Stuttgart, 1884; idem, Geschichte des aZten Aepyptens, Berlin, 1887; W. M. F. Petrie, A Hiat. of Egypt from the Earliest Times to the Thirtieth Dynasty. 6 vole., New York, 1894-1905: A. H. 8ayce, The Egypt of the Hebrews and of Herodotu.e, ib. 1895; F. G. Flesy, Egyptian Chronology, i b. 1899; G. Maepero, History of the Ancient Peoples of the Classic East, 3 vole., ib. 1897-1900; E. A. W. Budge, A Hint. of Egypt, 8 vole., ib. 1902. On the Greek period, besides the appropriate sections in works mentioned above, consult: J. P. Mahaffy, The Empire of the Ptolemies, London, 1895; M. C. 3traek, Die D ynaatie der Ptolem8er, Berlin, 1897. For the Roman period, J. G. Mine, His tory of Egypt under Roman Rule, London, 1899. On the externs! relations of Egypt, consult W. M. Moller, cat sup., and the literature under AMearre TearrTa.

On the religion: A. Wiedemann, Religion of the Ancient Egyptians, New York, 1897 (the best single work); G. Steindorff, The Religion of the Ancient Egyptians, ib. 1906 (covers the subject, but largely on the basis of Herodotus); M. Brimmer, Egypt: Three Essays on the Religion, His&, and Art, Boston, 1891; G. Maspero, Atudea de mythologic et d'archeoloyie, 4 vole., Paris, 1893-1900; G. St. Clair, Creation Records in Egypt. Studies in the Book of the Dead, London, 1898; W. M. F. Petrie, Religion and Conscience in Ancient Egypt, ib. 1898; E. A. W. Budge, Egyptian Ideas of a Future Life, Oxford, 1899; idem, Egyptian Magic, ib. 1899; idem, The Gods of the Egyptians, 3 vole., London, 1905 (sumptuous and meaty); idem, Egyptian Heaven and Hell, ib. 1906; A. H. Sayee, Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia, New York, 1903; A. Erman, Die dtyyptiache Religion, Berlin, 1905, Eng. tranal.. Handbook of Egyptian Religion, London . 1907; E. Neville, La Religion des a nciena 9gyptiena, Paris, 1906; DB, Extra volume, pp. 176-197

On the literature: For the Book of the Dead, the recession of the British Museum copy was reproduced in color by Griggs, London, 1859; that of the Turin Papyrus was edited by R. Lepaius, Leipsic, 1842; The Book of the Dead was translated in part by Le P. Renouf for the Society of Biblical Archaeology, parts i.-iv., London, 1893-95, completed by h. Neville, 1907; it has been translated into English by C. H. S. Davis, New York, 1894, and by E. A. W. Budge, 3 vole., London, 1898 (text, vocabulary, sad translation). An excellent Fr. tranal. is by P. Pierret, Paris, 1882. Collections are: K. Piehl, Inscriptions hieroglyphiques, 3 vole., Leipsic, 1886-1903; Corpus papyrorum Rgypti, ed. R. Revillout and A. Eisenlohr, Paris, 1894 sqq.; Urkunden des a eyyptiachen Altertuma, ed. G. Steindorff, Leipaio, 1903 aqq. Egyptian Tales from the Papyri, 2 series, ed. and tranal. by W. M. F. Petrie, New York, 1894-95 is of great interest psychologically and from the point of view of folklore. Consult also: Untersuchungen zur Geachichte and Altertumakunde A eyyptena, ed. K. 3ethe, 4 vole., Leipsic, 1896 sqq.; R. Lepsius, Denkmttler a ua Aepypten and Aethio pien, Leipsic, 1897 aqq. (4 vole. issued): G. Ebers. Papy rus Ebera, 2 vole., ib. 1875: I. Myer, The Oldest Books in the World, London, 1900; A. Erman, Aegyptiache Chrea tomaUtie, New York, 1895.

On exploration and excavation consult: G. Steindorff, in H. V. Hilprecht, Explorations in Bible Lands, Phila delphia, 1903; W. M. F. Petrie, Ten Years' Digging in Egypt, London, 1892; the Annual Archaeological Reports of the Egypt Exploration Fund, 1890 eqq., furnish socounts not only of the work of that association but of the discoveries made by other investigators; Bibl%ofheque egyptoloyique, Paris, 1893 sqq., contains many memoirs of s historical nature concerning exploration and excavation.

On Modern Egypt: De Chabroe, Easai. scar lea mmurs des habitants m odernea de l'ggypte, in Description de l1gypte, ii. 2. PP. 381-526, Paris, 1822; J. Silbernagl, Verfasaung cared yeyenwdrtiger Bestand attmmtlicher Kirchen des Orients, Landahut, 1907; H. Stephen, Daa heutige Aegypten, Leipsic, 1872; M. Liittke, Aeyyptena neue Zeit, Leipaic, 1873 (the most comprehensive book for ecclesiastical matters); O. Schneider, Beitr6ge zur Kenatniaa der priechiach-orthodoxen Kirche Aepyptens, Dresden, 1874 (important); O. Werner, thbia terrarum catholicua, pp. 195 sqq.. Freiburg, 1890; F. Kattenbuseh, Lehrbuch der veryteichenden Confeaaionekunde, i. 170 aqq.. Freiburg,