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Edwards Egbert, Sit THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
portent works were published after he had left his first pastorate, some of them not until after his death, viz.: A Careful and Strict Enquiry into the Modern Prevailing Notions of that Freedom of Will which is Supposed to be Essential to Moral Agency (1754); The Great Christian Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (1758); History of Redemption (1772); Dissertation concerning the End for which God created the World, and Dissertation concerning the Nature of True Virtue (1788).
The published works of President Edwards were printed in eight volumes, at Worcester, Mass., 1808-09 (reprinted, New York). A larger edition of his writings, in ten volumes, including a new memoir and much new material, was published at New York, in 1829, by Rev. Dr. Sereno Edwards Dwight. (EDWARDa A. PABSt) F. H. FOSTER.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: The life has been written by 8. Hopkins, Boston, 1765; J. Hawkaley, London, 1815; 9. E. Dwight, 1829 ut sup.; J. Iverach, in The Evangelical Succession. Edinburgh, 1882; A. V. G. Allen, Boston, 1889; H. N. Gardiner, ib. 1901; and W. Walker, in Tea New England Leaders, pp. 217 eqq., New York, 1901. Consult further: J. Sparks, The Library of Americas Biography, vol. viii., 10 vole., New York, 1848-51; W. B. Sprague, Annals of the American Pulpit, i. 329-336, ib. 1859; H. M. Dexter, The Congregationalism of the Last Three Hundred Years as seen in ate Literature, ib. 1880; G. P. Fisher, Diacwaiona is History and Theology, ib. 1880; J. A. Stoughton, Winaor Farmea, Hartford, 1883; W. Walker, Creeds and Platform of Congregationalism, pp. 283-285, New York, 1893; idem, in American Church History Series, vol. iii. passim, ib. 1894; A. E. Dunning, Congregationaliate is America, passim, ib. 1894; E. C. Smyth, in Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, 1895, pp. 212-238; L. W. Bacon, The Congregationalists, passim, New York, 1904; Jonathan Edward& Bicentenary, Memorial Volume of the Proceedirypa of the Andover Celebration, Oct. 1908, Andover, 1904; I. W. Riley, American Philosophy; the early Schools, pp. 126-191, New York, 1907; F. H. Foster, New England Theology, Chicago, 1907.
EDWARDS, JONATHAN (THE YOUNGER):Second son and ninth child of Jonathan Edwards
the Elder; b. at Northampton, Mass., May 26,
1745; d. at Schenectady, N. Y., Aug. 1, 1801. As
he received the degree of D.D. from Princeton
College, he is often called " Dr." Edwards, while
his father (who was not a doctor of divinity) is
distinguished as " President " Edwards. He en
tered the grammar-school at Princeton in Feb., 1760,
and was graduated at Princeton Col
Studies legs in 1765. He became a member of
and First the Church in 1763, studied theology
Pastorate. with Dr. Joseph Bellamy (q.v.) 1765
1768, and was " approbated " as a
preacher in Oct., 1766, by the Litchfield County
Association in Connecticut. He was indefatigably
diligent while at college, served as tutor, 1767-69,
and received an appointment (which he declined)
to a professorship of languages and logic in the
college. On Jan. 5, 1769, he was ordained as pas
tor of the Society of White Haven, in the town of
New Haven, Conn. He remained in this office
more than twenty-six years. Several members of
his church were advocates of the Half-way Cove
nant (q.v.), which he opposed. His pastorate was
also disturbed by the spiritual reaction which had
followed the " Great Awakening " (see REVIVALS
of RELIGION) in 1740-42, and by the demoralizing
influences of the Revolutionary War. The result
was his dismission from his pastorate on the 19th of May, 1795.
In Jan., 1796, he was=installed pastor of the church in Colebrook, Conn. In May, 1799, he was elected
president of Union College, SchenecPastor at tady, N. Y. As he had declined a
Colebrook professorship at Princeton, so he was and prompted to decline the presidency of President Union College. He applied to an of Union ecclesiastical council for advice: the College. advice was in favor of his removal.He was therefore dismissed in June, and entered on the duties of his presidency in July, 1799. He discharged his duties with his accustomed fidelity. His reputation as a philosopher gave him an uncommon influence over his pupils, and his skill as a teacher heightened his reputation as a philosopher. He remained in this office, however, but a short time. About the middle of July, 1801, he was attacked by an intermittent fever, and died Aug. 1.
As a theological teacher Dr. Edwards was eminently successful. He prepared certain of his father's writings for the press, and, while at Cole-
brook, published A Dissertation conWorks. cerning Liberty and Necessity, in Reply
to the Rev. Dr. Samuel West (Worcester, 1797). Besides a large number of articles in The New York Theological Magazine, over the aigna,tures " I " and " O," he published mangy sermons, among them one on The Injustice and Impolicy of the Slave-trade (New Haven, 1791; Dr. Edwards, like his friend Samuel Hopkins, was an early opponent of the slave system). The moat celebrated of his discourses are the three On the Necessity of the Atonement, and its Consistency with Free Grace in Forgiveness, " preached before his Excellency the Governor, and a large number of both Houses of the Legislature of the State of Connecticut, during their sessions at New Haven, in Oct., 1785, and published by request the same year." They have been frequently republished and form the basis of that theory of the atonement sometimes called the " Edwardean theory," commonly adopted by the " New England school of divines." Closely connected with this was a volume entitled The Salvation of all Mere strictly Examined, and the Endless Punishment of those who Die Impenitent, Argued and Defended against the Reasonings of Dr. Chauncey in his Book Entitled " The Salvation of all Men " (1790 ). In 1788 he published a paper entitled Observations on the Language of the Muhhekaneew Indians, in which the Extent of that Language in North America is Shown, its Genius Grammatically Traced, and Some of its Peculiarities, and Some Instances of Analogy between that and the Hebrew, are Pointed out. This was " communicated to the Connecticut Society of Arts and Sciences, and published at the request of the Society."
Nearly all of Dr. Edwards' published writings were collected and reprinted, with a Memoir, by Tryon Edwards, a descendant (Boston, 1842).