individual is to " edify " the individual; according to I Cor. xiv. 4, " he that speaketh in a tongue"' " edifieth " himself (only). But whether the congregation edifies itself, or an individual the congregation, or another individual, or himself, the supreme subject of ell " edification " is Christ the Lord, who exercises his edifying activity through his Gospel, through the gifts of his Spirit, through the new life (especially through love, I Cor. viii. 1), which he has awakened and preserves in his congregation. Christ himself leads his congregation and its individual members unto perfection.

E. C. ACHELIS.

EDMUND (EADMUND), SAINT, OF CANTERBURY (EDMUND RICH): Archbishop of Canterbury; b. at Abingdon (7 m. s. of Oxford), Berkshire, c. 1175; d. at Soisy-en-Brie (75 m. s.e. of Paris), France, Nov. 16, 1240 or 1242. He studied at the universities of Oxford and Paris and became a teacher about 1200, or a little earlier. For six years he lectured on mathematics and dialectics, apparently dividing his time between Oxford and Paris, and winning distinction for his part in introducing the study of Aristotle. Through the influence of a pious mother he had led from boyhood a life of singular self-denial and austerity; and it is not surprising to find him tiring of secular subjects and ready to go over to theology. Though for some time he resisted the change, he finally entered upon his new career between 1205 and 1210. He received ordination, took a doctorate in divinity, and soon won fame as a lecturer on theology and as an extemporaneous preacher. After expounding the " Lord's Law " for a number of years, Edmund became disgusted with scholasticism and gave up his chair at Oxford. Some time between 1219 and 1222 he was appointed treasurer of Salisbury Cathedral, and held this position for eleven years, during which time he also engaged in preaching. In 1227, at the bidding of Innocent III., he preached the sixth crusade through a large part of England.

In 1233 came the news of his appointment, by Gregory IX., to the archbishopric of Canterbury. The chapter had already made three selections which the pope had declined to confirm, and Edmund's name had been proposed as a compromise by Gregory, perhaps on account of his work for the crusade, and he was consecrated Apr. 2, 1234. Before his consecration he allied himself with the national party, whose object was to make the kingdom independent, maintain the Great Charter and exclude foreigners from civil and ecclesiastical office, and in the name of his fellow bishops he admonished Henry III. at Westminster, Feb. 2, 1234, to take warning of his father, King John. A week after his consecration he again appeared before the king with the barons and bishops, this time threatening his sovereign with excommunication, if he refused to dismiss his councilors, particularly Peter des Roches, bishop of Winchester. This threat was sufficient. The objectionable favorites were dismissed; and soon the archbishop was sent to Wales to negotiate peace with Prince Llewellyn.

In 1237, in order to destroy the authority of Edmund, Henry induced the pope to send Cardinal Otto as legate to England. Through numerous

disputes with bishops and monks, not to speak of the rupture with the king, and the excommunication of Simon de Montfort and his bride, Edmund had already made his position a difficult one. As the champion of the national Church against the claims of Rome he now found himself arrayed against the pope. In Dec., 1237, he set out for Rome, hoping to enlist the pope on the side of ecclesiastical reform. From this futile mission he returned to England in Aug., 1238, to find himself reduced to a cipher. If he excommunicated his monks, they appealed to Rome and paid no attention to his interdict. Finding himself foiled at every turn he finally submitted to the papal demands; and early in 1240, hoping to win his cause against his monks, he paid to the pope's agents one fifth of his revenue, which had been levied for the pope's war against Emperor Frederick II. Other English prelates followed his example. Then came the demand that 300 English benefices should be assigned to as many Romans. This attack upon the rights of the national Church was more than Edmund could endure. In the summer of 1240, broken in spirit, he retired to the abbey of Pontigny, France, which had been the refuge of his predecessors, St. Thomas and Stephen Langton. A few months later he died at the priory of Soisy. In less than a year after his death miracles were alleged to be wrought at his grave; and in 1247 he was canonized.

Edmund is one of the moat attractive figures of medieval history. His life was one of self-sacrifice and devotion to others. From boyhood he practised asceticism; and throughout his life he wore sackcloth next his skin, pressed against his body by metal plates. After snatching a few hours' sleep without removing his clothing, he usually spent the rest of the night in prayer and meditation. Besides his " Constitutions," issued in 1236 (printed in W. Lynwood's Cotiorves Anglite, Oxford, 1679), he wrote Speculum ecclesice (London, 1521; Eng. transl., 1527; reprinted in M. de la Bigne's Biblio theca veterum patrxcm, v., Paris, 1609).

BIBLIOGRAPHY: A Vita by Bertrand of Pontigny, with Epiatohs vario; and other pertinent material is in E. MarWne, Thesaurus rwvue aneedotorum, iii. 1775-1826, Paris, 1717; another, by his brother, Robert Rich of Pontigny, is in L. Surius, Yitm sanetorum, Nov., vi. 388-378, Paris, 1575 and is also in W. Wallace, Life of St. Edmund of Canterbury, London, 1893. Sources of knowledge are the works of Matthew of Paris, ed. H. R. Luard, no. 57 of the Rolls Series, vole. iii.-v.; Annales monastici, ed. H. R. Luard, no. 38 of Rolls Series, 4 vole.; Gervase of Canterbury, ed. W. Stubbs, no. 71 of Rolls Series, vol. ii. MS. material is indicated in T. D. Hardy, Descriptive Catalogue, no. 26 of Rolls Series, iii. 87-9B; while documents of value are given in Haddan and Stubbs, Councils, i. 483, 465. Modern accounts, besides the work of wgl laee ut sup., are: OV. F. Hook, Lives of the Archbishops

of Canterbury, vol. iii., 12 vols., London, 1880-76; E. Jaepar, Notice biographique sur S. Edmorul, Lille, 1872; L. F. Masse, The Life of S. Edmond of Canterbury, London 1874· ib. 1897; F. de Paravieini, Life of St. Edmund of Abingdon, ib. 1898; W. R. W. Stephens, The English [Church 1066-127,0, pp. 22$-233, 277, ib. 1901; DNB, avi. 405-410.

EDMUND (EADMUftD), SAINT, THE MARTYR: Last king of the East Angles; b. in Nuremberg 841, the son of King Alkmund; killed by the Danes near Hoxne (25 m. n. of Ipswich), Suffolk,