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76 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Eden

Lderahefm

the North Pole, need only be mentioned. The suggestions which have found moat approval in modern times are the following: (1) Eden was in the Far East. This view identifies the Pison with the Indus or Ganges, and Gihon with the Nile. The theory has several different forma, and in most of them can be regarded only as holding that Eden was in Utopia, the Land of the Golden Nowhere, for by no possibility can the Nile and the Indus or Ga4ea ever have been derived from one head. Some of the adherents of this view look upon the Genesis accounts as based upon ignorance of geo graphical facts or as wholly ideal. Delitzach and Dillmann may be cited as the chief names in sup port of this hypothesis. The formersays: " The in spiration of the Biblical writers did not, in matters of natural knowledge, raise them above the level of their age; it need, therefore, cause no surprise if the Biblical representation of Paradise bears marks of the imperfect geographical knowledge of the an cients." (2) Eden was near Eridu in southern Babylonia. This view based partly on the investi gations of Eduard Glaser has been propounded and supported with ingenuity and learning by Fritz Hommel. He identifies the rivers Pison, Gihon, and Hiddekel with three wadies in northern Arabia, named respectively the Wa3y Dawasir, the Wady Rumma and the Wady Sirhan. But these are dry valleys and not rivers, and the identification is in other respects not easily reconciled with the Genesis statements. (3) Eden was in northern Babylonia near the city of Babylon. This location was first suggested by Friedrich Delitzach in 1881. Ac cording to him Eden was the whole plain of Baby lonia, and Paradise was located where the Tigris and Euphrates most nearly approach each other. The river Pison is the great canal Palla,kopae, running west and south of the Euphrates (Assyrian pisanu=river bed) and the Gihon with the canal Shatt al-Nil, which rune east from the Euphrates from Babylon and rejoins it near Ur. On the whole this theory seems best to meet the conditions laid down in Genesis, but its acceptance among scholars has not been general. (4) Quite recently the view advocated by Gunkel that the original Eden was in heaven and the rivers are represented by the Milky Way and its four arms has found support among certain scholars. Upon this theory the earthly Eden is but a reflection and so may have been located in several places by different peoples, as for example in Babylonia, or Arabia. See ADAM, II. ROBERT W. ROGERS.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: The literature up to 1892 is in O. ZSCkler, Bibliache and kircherehiatoriache Studien, v. 3 sqq., Munich, 1893, sad in moat of the commentaries on Genesis. Consult: Friedrich Delitzsch, Wo lag dae Paradieat Leipsic, 1881 (a book of wide reputation); F. Spiegel, Eraniache Alterthumakunde, i. 473 sqq., 522 sqq., ib. 1871· W. Baudissin, Studien our aemitiachen Aelipionepeechichte, ii. 189-190, ib. 1875; E. Glaser, Skizze der C3eachichte . . Arabiena, ii. 323 sqq., 341 sqq., Berlin, 1890; P. Jensen, Koemologie, Strasburg, 1890; idem, in Keilinachriftliche Bibliothek, vi. 1, Berlin, 1900; C. H. Toy, in JBL, x (1891), 1-19; It. Nestle, Marginalien and Materialen, pp. 4-6, Tiibingen, 1893; A. H. $ayee, "Higher Criticism' and the Monuments, pp. 95 sqq., London, 1894; A. Dillmann on Genesis in Kurzgefaaatea exepetiaches Handbuch, Leipsic, 1892, Eng. tranal., 2 vole., Edinburgh, 1897; F. Hommel, Ancient Hebrew Tradition, London,

1897; H. Gunkel, on Genesis in Handkommentar zum Alter Testament, Giittingen, 1901; E. C. Worcester, (ieneaie in the Light of Modem Knowledge, pp. 148-258, New York, 1901; Schrader, KAT, pp. 520-530; DB, i. 843844; EB, iii. 3569-3583; JE, v. 38-39.

EDEN, GEORGE RODNEY: Church of England bishop of Wakefield; b. at Sunderland (14 m. n.e. of Durham), Durham county, England, Sept. 9, 1853. He studied at Pembroke College, Cambridge (B.A., 1878), and became honorary fellow in 1903. He was ordered deacon in 1878 and ordained priest in 1879, and was assistant master of Aysgarth School, Yorkshire, 18?8-79, domestic chaplain to Bishop Lightfoot of Durham 1879-83, and chaplain to Bishop Lightfoot and vicar of Auckland 1883-90. In 1890 he was consecrated bishop auffragan of Dover. He was also rural dean of Auckland from 1887 to 1890, and archdeacon and canon of Canterbury, as well as chaplain of the Cirque Ports, from 1892 to 1897. He was select preacher at Cambridge in 1886, 1890, 1892, and 1894, and at Oxford in 1899-1900. In 1897 he was translated to the see of Wakefield. In theology he has sympathy for many varieties of opinion-High, Broad, and Low Church-within the Church in so far as they are compatible with loyalty to the fundamental doctrines of Christianity.

EDERSHEIM, 6'dera-haim, ALFRED: Biblical scholar; b. at Vienna, Mar. 7, 1825; d. at Merton, France, Mar. 16, 1889. He was of Jewish parentage, and received his earliest education in a gymnasium of his native city and in the talmttd torah attached to a Viennese Synagogue. In 1841 he continued his studies at the University of Vienna, but left it before taking his degree on account of the financial reverses of his father. Going to Pesth as a teacher of languages, he came under the influence of John Duncan, a Scotch Presbyterian chaplain to workmen engaged in constructing a bridge over the Danube, and was converted to Christianity. Ederaheim accompanied Duncan on his return to Scotland and studied theology at New College, Edinburgh, and at the University of Berlin. In 1846 he was ordained to the ministry of the Presbyterian Church. He was for a year a missionary to the Jews at Jassy, Rumania, and on his return to Scotland, after preaching for a time in Aberdeen, was installed at the Free Church, Old Aberdeen, in 1849. In 1861 failing health forced him to resign and the Church of St. Andrew was built for him at Torquay. In 1872 his health again obliged him to retire, and for four years he lived quietly at Bournemouth. In 1875 he took orders in the Church of England, and was curate of the Abbey Church, Christchurch, Hants, for a year, and from 1876 to 1882 vicar of Lodera, Dorsetahire, besides being Warburtonian Lecturer at Lincoln's Inn 1880-84. In 1882 he resigned his living and removed to Oxford. He was select preacher to the University 1884-85 and Grinfield Lecturer on the Septuagint 1886-88 and 1888-90. His works include History of the Jewish Nation after the Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus (Edinburgh, 1856); The Temple

Its Ministry and Services at the Time of Jesus Christ (London, 1874); Bible History (7 vole., 1876-87); Jewish Social Life in the Days of Christ (1876):