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there are only 100,000 pure whites in the country. The established religion is Roman Catholicism, which is recognized by the constitution of the republic, to the exclusion of every other confession. However, toleration is shown to foreigners of other confessions; but these, few in number, have never founded an independent congregation. The Church is organized into the archbishopric of Quito (bishopric 1545, archbishopric' since 1848), the six bishoprics of Cuenca (1786), Guayaquil (1837), Ibarra (1862), Loja (1866), Porto Vecchio (1871), and Riobamba (1863), and an apoatolical vicariate at Nopo. The entire territory is divided into 350 parishes, in which are also the cloisters of ten different orders of monks and eleven orders of nuns. The relations of Church to State are regulated by the concordat of 1862, as changed in 1881, which also regulates the receipts of the Church in the several provinces. In general, education, though nominally compulsory, is neglected. Besides a fair number of elementary schools there are nine national colleges, five girls' schools conducted by nuns, a number of seminaries of the clergy, and an old and unimportant university at Quito, with branches at Cuenca and Guayaquil. The Indians in the east, among whom many missions were established by the Jesuits, also by the Franciscans, prior to the separation of South America from Spain, have been allowed to relapse completely into their original state of barbarity. Their religion is fetishism of the crudest variety.

WILHELDI GOETZ.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: On the country: T. C. Dawson, The South. American. Republics, part 2, New York, 1904; A. Simeon, Travels in the Wilds of Ecuador, London, 1887; T. Wolf, Geopraphfa y geoldgia del Ecuador, Leipsic, 1892; W. Sievers, Amerika, ib. 1893. On the relations of the Church of Rome: El Concordato i la eapoaicion del concejo cantonal de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, 1863 (Concordat between Pius IX. and President Moreno); Nueva version del concordato de 1862 . . . entre . . . Lean XIII. y el presidents . . del Ecuador, Quito, 1882. Consult also J. Lee, Religious Liberty in South America with Special Reference to Recent Legislation in Pens, Ecuador and Bolivia, Cincinnati, 1907.

EDDY, MARY BAKER GLOVER: Founder of " Christian Science "; b. at Bow, near Concord, N. H., July 16, 1821. Her maiden name was Mary Ambrose Morse Baker; she is of Scotch-English extraction, and numbers among her ancestors a member of the Provincial Congress and soldiers in the war of the Revolution. She received her education at an academy at Tilton, N. H., and from private tutors. Her first church connection was with the Congregational Church at Tilton, which she joined July 26, 1838. She married George Washington Glover, a bricklayer, in Dec., 1843, and went with him to his home in Wilmington, S. C., where she was left a widow in June, 1844, and returned to New Hampshire soon after, where her only child, George Washington Glover, was born in Sept. of the same year. In 1853 she married Daniel Patterson (d. 1896), a dentist, from whom she obtained a divorce in 1873 on the ground of desertion. From childhood she had been weakly in constitution and subject at times to violent hysteria, and in 1862 she came into touch with Phineas Parkhurst Quimby (d. Jan. 16, 1866), a healer who after va-

rious experiments believed that he had discovered in mental control the secret of Christ's power of healing, and had spoken of his system as " Science of health (and happiness)," " Science of Christ," and once or twice as " Christian Science." She believed herself healed, and after 1864 began to practise his system on herself and others, then to give instruction in the methods of treatment to others. The first attempt at an organization to embody her principles was made at Lynn in 1875. She was married to Asa Gilbert Eddy Jan. 1, 1877 (d. 1888). The Church of Christ, Scientist, later known as the " mother church," was organized by her in Boston in 1879. She also founded the Massachusetts Metaphysical College, which received its charter in 1881, and in 1883 established the Christian Science Journal. For the wide-spread denomination founded by her see SCIENCE, CHRISTIAN. She has written Science and Health, with Key to the Scriptures (the text-book of her system; many subsequent editions; Boston, 1875); Christian Healing (1886); People's Idea of God (1886); Unity of Good (1891); Rudimental Divine Science (1891); No and Yes (1891); Retrospection and. Introspection (1892); Manual (1895); Miscellaneous Writings (1896); Christ and Christmas (1897); Pulpit and Press (1898); Christian Science versus Pantheism (1898); Message to the Mother Church (1900); Our Leader's Message (1901); and Truth versus Error (1905).

BIBLIOGRAPHY: A. Brisbane, Mary Baker G. Eddy, Bos ton, 1908.

EDDY, RICHARD: Universalist; b. at Providence, R. L, June 21, 1828; d. at Gloucester, Mass., Aug. 16, 1906. He was graduated at Clinton Theological Seminary, Clinton, N. Y., in 1849, became chaplain of the Sixtieth New York State Volunteers 1861-63, and was lecturer on the history of Universalism at Tuft's College 1882-83 and on the dogmatic history of Universalism at the same institution in 1902 and at St. Lawrence University, Canton, N.Y., in 1906. In theology he based his belief in universal salvation on the will, purpose, and pleasure of God and the mission of Christ, as well as on his acceptance of the doctrine of the remedial character of punishment and the ever-enduring freedom of the human will. He edited the Universalist Quarterly Review 1888--94 and the Universalist Register (the year-book of the denomination) after 1888, and wrote The History of the Sixtieth Regiment New York State Volunteers (Philadelphia, 1864); History of Universalism in America (2 vols., Boston, 1883-85); Alcohol in History (New York, 1888); Alcohol in Society (1890); Universalism in Gloucester, Mass. (Gloucester, Mass., 1894); History of Universalism (1894); and Life of Thomas J. Sawyer (Boston, 1904).

EDELMARN, 6'del-mdn, JOHANN CHRISTIAN: German rationalist; b. at Weisaenfels (20 m. s.w. of Leipsic) July 9, 1698; d. at Berlin Feb. 15, 1767. In 1720 he began the study of theology at Kiel, but even before his examination at Eisenach in 1724 he had secretly determined to renounce the ministry. His personal experiences among Roman Catholics and Pietists enlarged his views but turned him more and more from Christianity. Wherever he went