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RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Druid Drmes
o/ the Ninekenfh Century, vol. i., ib. 1897; R. A. Watson, Goapda of Y6etcrdaV, ib. 1898; T. Hunter Boyd. Henry Drummorul; Some Recollections, ib. 1907.
DRUMMOND, JAMES: Unitarian; b. at Dublin May 14, 1835. He studied at Trinity College, Dublin (B.A., 1855), and Manchester New College, London (1856-59), and after being assistant minister with William Gaskell at Cross Street Chapel, Manchester, 1859-69, was appointed professor of New Testament divinity in Manchester New College, which was removed to Oxford in 1889 and called Manchester College in 1893. From 1885 to 1906 he was also principal of the college, but retired from both positions in 1906. He describes himself as a " liberal Christian." He has written Spiritual Religion (sermons; London, 1870); The Jewish Messiah (1877); Introduction to the Study of Theology (1884); Philo Jttdesua, or the Jewish-Alexandrian Philosophy in its Development and Completion (2 vole., 1888); The Epistle of St. Paul to the Galatiara Explained and Illustrated (1893); Via, Veritas, Vita. (Hibbert Lectures for 1894; 1894); The Epistles of Paul to the Thessalonians, Corinthians, Galatians, Romans, and Philippians (1899); Life and Letters of James Martineau (in collaboration with C. B. Upton; 1902); and The Character and Authorship of the Fourth Gospel (1904).
DRURY, AUGUSTUS WALDO: United Brethren; b. at Pendleton, Ind., Mar. 2, 1851. He studied at Western College (now Leander Clark College), Toledo, Ia. (B.A., 1872), Union Biblical Seminary, Dayton, O., from which he was graduated in 1877, and the University of Berlin (1886). After being professor of classics in Western College 18721873 and holding various pastorates in his denomination 1873-80, he was professor of church history in Union Biblical Seminary 1880-92. Since 1892 he has been professor of systematic theology in the same institution. He has been secretary of the United Brethren Historical Society since 1885, and was a member of the Tri-church Council (Congregational, United Brethren, and Methodist Protestant) in 1906-07. In 1891-92 he was editor of The United Brethren Quarterly Review, and has written The Life of Philip William Otterbein (Dayton, 1884); The Life of Bishop J. J. Glossbrenner (1889); Disciplines of the United Brethren in Christ (1895); Minutes of Annual and General Conferences (1897); and Baptism (1902).
DRURY, JOHN BENJAMIN: Reformed (Dutch); b. at Rhinebeck, N. Y., Aug. 15, 1838; d. at New Brunswick, N. J., Mar. 21,1909. He studied at Rutgers College (B.A., 1858), and the New Brunswick Theological Seminary (1861), supplied the Reformed Church at Davenport, Ia., 1861-82, was pastor of the First Reformed Church at Ghent, N. Y., 1864-87. After 1887 he was editor of the Christian Intelligent car. He was president of the General Synod of the Reformed Church in America in 1886. In 1883 he was Vedder lecturer in Rutgers College and New Brunswick Theological Seminary. In theology he was a liberal Calvinist. He wrote Hi,.A torical Sketch of the First Reformed Church of Ghent (Chatham, N. Y., 1876); Historical Sketch of the Reformed (Dutch) Church of Rhinebeck, N. Y.
(1881); and Truths and Untruths of Evolution (Vedder Lectures; New York, 1884).
DRURY, MARION RICHARDSON: United Brethren; b. at Pendleton, Ind., Dec. 27, 1849. He studied at Western College (now Leander Clark College), Toledo, Ia. (B.A.,1872), and was graduated from Union Biblical Seminary, Dayton, O., in 1875. He held pastorates at Toledo, Ia. (1875-87), and Cedar Rapids, Ia. (1878-81), and from 1881 to 1897 was associate editor of the Religious Telescope (Dayton, O.). Since 1898 he has been pastor of the First United Brethren Church, Toledo, Ia. In theology he is an orthodox member of his denomination. He has written Pastor's Pocket Record (Dayton, O., 1883); The Otterbein Birthday Book (1887); Handbook for Workers (1888); -Pastor's Companion (1894); At Hand (1895); Our Catechism (1897); and Life and Career of Bishop James W. Hatt, D.D. (1902).
Druees are the adherents of a composite sect which still exists in Syria, especially in the Lebanon. From their use of the Arabic language the Druaea, who term themselves "Confessors of the Unity (of God)," seem to be a mixture of Syrians and Arabs. Their type, on .the other hand, would indicate that they are descendants of the pre-Mohammedan Aramaic population. The steady resistance of this liberty-loving community to the State has aided in the preservation of their religion through the centuries, while they feel, on the other hand, that they form a distinct nation simply because of their religious isolation. -By their tenacity, cunning, and valor they have succeeded in resisting all attempts at subjugation, and still form a State within a State. They now number about 100,000, although in recent years political circumstances have led many families to emigrate from Lebanon to the Hauran, where they have settled among the peasants and Bedouins of that region. It is worth noting that there are two Druse villages on Mt. Carmel, and they have a sanctuary there at which they perform a yearly sacrifice.
The origin of the religion is closely connected with the Egyptian Fatimite calif al-Hakim bi'amri-Ilah (996-1021). His chief object was the propagation of the tenets of the sect of the Iamailiyyah, the main source of the doctrines of the Druees, in Egypt, where the people were adherents of orthodox Sunnite Mohammedanism. In
:. Origin. 1017 a Turk named Darazi, a member of the Iamailiyyah, who had come from the East and had been made a confidant of al-Hakim, published a work asserting that the soul of Adam had passed to Ali, the cousin and son-in law of Mohammed. whence it had descended to the Fatimitea, and thus had come to al-Hakim. The heretic barely escaped with his life from the fury of the people, but the calif aided him to flee to Syria, where at Wadi al-Taim, in the southern Lebanon, Origin (§ 1).