DONATUS, do-ne'tus, VESONTTIERSIS: Bishop of Besancon; b. about 594; d. after 657. He was the son of the Frankish duke Waldelenus, and was educated in the monastery of Luxeuil. He was consecrated bishop of Besancon about 625 and was a zealous promoter of the monastic life, founding the cloister of Palatium (later St. Paul) before the walls of the city, while his brother Namelenus established a second monastery and his mother, Flavia, the nunnery of Jussanum (Joussan-Moutier). For the latter Donatus drew up a special rule which is of interest since it served as the model, together with the rule of St. Columban, for the rules of Caesarius and Benedict of Nursia. Donatus took part in the synods of Clichy, 626 or 627, Reims (?), between 627 and 630; and Chalons-sur-Saone, between 639 and 654. His name appears for the last time on a document of 657.

(A. HAUCK.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: ASB, Aug., ii. 197-200; E. Loning, Deutsches Kirchenrecht, ii. 433, Strasburg, 1878; F. 0. Seebass, Columbas von Lexueil Klosterregel, pp. 37-38, Dresden, 1883.

DONNE, JOHN: Clergyman and poet, dean of St. Paul's; b. in London - 1573; d. there Mar. 31, 1631. He studied at Hart Hall, Oxford (M.A. by convocation, 1610), and in 1592 was admitted to Lincoln's Inn. He immediately became an intimate of the intellectual leaders of the time and had soon won for himself a great reputation as a wit and poet. In 1596 he took part in the expedition to Cadiz, under the Earl of Essex, and on his return was appointed secretary to the Keeper of the Great Seal. About 1600 he lost this position through a clandestine marriage with a niece of the lord keeper. As early as 1592 he had renounced the Roman Catholic faith, and in 1610 he published in London Pseudo-Martyr, a treatise against Catholicism. He wrote the book at the suggestion of James I., and it is probable that he was well paid for it. This was followed (1610 or 1611) by Conclave Ignatii: sive ejus in nuperis inferni comitiis inthronizatio and an English Ignatius his Conclave; or his Inthronization in a Late Election in Hell (1611). Both works were republished later with titles changed. The original Latin is now extremely rare. As his sovereign was unable to do anything for him immediately in the way of political preferment, Donne continued in civil pursuits till 1615,

490

when he took orders. He was urged to do this by James, who immediately made him royal chaplain. On the insistence of the king the University of Cambridge reluctantly conferred the degree of doctor of divinity on Donne in March of the same year. Many livings were offered him throughout the country, but he preferred to remain in London. However, in 1616 he accepted the rectory of Keyston, in Huntingdonshire, and later in the same year that of Sevenoaks. He never resided in either parish, remaining in London, where he was appointed divinity reader of Lincoln's Inn. During the next few years he came to be recognized as one of the first preachers of his time, and in 1621 he was appointed dean of St. Paul's. He was chosen prolocutor of the convocation in 1623, and again in 1624. In the spring of the latter year he was given the rectory of Blunham, in Bedfordshire, and the vicarage of St. Dunstan's-in-the-West, London. Donne's ability as a preacher continued to increase, and his popularity grew in proportion. He surpassed all others; and, indeed, the editor of his last sermon claims that Donne finally surpassed even himself. This sermon, called by Donne "Death's Duel," was preached just five weeks before his death. He was buried in St. Paul's.

At present Donne's reputation rests on his poetry. He wrote much verse, but it was usually handed around in manuscript, little of it being published in his lifetime, though his poems were greatly admired by his contemporaries. A collection of his poetry was published in 1633. It contains satires, elegies, epigrams, letters, etc. He is usually classified as a "metaphysical poet," and occupies an important place in English literature. He set a style in English poetry that continued dominant till the time of Dryden; and even in Browning's ruggedness and obscurity may be detected the influence of Donne. His sermons were published in various forms, including three volumes edited by his son, John Donne the Younger (London, 1640, 1649, 1660). As many as 180 are now known. They are marked by poetic, imaginary, and philosophic insight, and with Donne's other literary works constitute a memorial of great industry and rare talents.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: A very full list of his works is given after the extended sketch of his fife in DNB, xv. 223 sqq. Besides the volume of eighty sermons. mentioned below, two others, one containing fifty and the other " six-and twenty " (really only twenty-four), were issued by his son. London, 1649-60; an edition of his Poems was also issued by his son, ib. 1650 and often, who published also Essay" in Divinity, ib. 1&51, and a collection of Letters ib. 1651 The best edition of the Poems is by Grosart in 2 vols., ib_ 1872. The Works, ed. H. Alford, 6 vols., Oxford, 1839, are poorly put together. His Life, by Isaak Walton, was issued first in the L%%%. Sermons of Donne, published by his son, London, 1640, and the best edition, containing " careful and learned notes," is by H. K. Guston, 1855.