CRUSIUS, CHRISTIAN AUGUST: German theologian; b. at Leuna, near Merseburg (10 m. s. of Halls), Jan. 10, 1715; d. at Leipsic Oct. 18, 1775. He entered the University of Leipsic in 1734, became professor of philosophy there, and in 1750 professor of theology. He was an independent follower of J. A. Bengel and an opponent of the Wolfian philosophy, founding all knowledge on positive revelation and seeking to prove that it harmonizes with reason. At the same time he intermingled mystic peculiarities, and thus constructed a strange typico-prophetical system of doctrine. While his colleague Ernesti explained the Scriptures in a purely grammatical way, Crusius followed the Church doctrine, which he interpreted in a mystical sense. Of his many writings the most important are Hypomnemata ad theologiam propheticam (3 parts, Leipsic, 1764) and Kurzer Begriff der Moraltheologie (2 parts, 1772-73). Here he opposes the divine will, known from revelation as moral principle, to the Wolfian principle of perfection. His " Prophetic Theology " was brought into notice in the nineteenth century by Hengstenberg and Delitzsch, who called attention to the fact that Crusius conceived of the essence and aim of prophecy in connection with the scheme of salvation, which no theologian before him had done with like emphasis. Crusius left the reputation of a learned, keen, original thinker and of a pure, pious, and mild character. Even in the great controversy which divided the University of Leipsic into " Ernestians " and " Crusians " he maintained his pious and mild manner, though there was no question that Ernesti's views were gaining the upper hand.

PAUL TSCHACKERT.

Bibliography: H. Doring. Die Gelehrten Theologen Deutschlande, i. 291-298, >Neustadt, 1831; ADB, iv. 630-631; J. E. Erdmann, Geschichte der Philosophie vol. iii., s 290, Berlin, 1870, Eng. travel., London, 1893.

CRUTTWELL, CHARLES THOMAS: Church of England; b. at London July 30, 1847. He studied at the Merchant Taylors' School, London, and St. John's College, Oxford (B.A., 1871), and was elected fellow of Merton College, Oxford, in 1870, where he was also tutor in 1875-77. He was curate of St. Giles'e, Oxford, 1875-77, head master of St. Andrew's College, Bradfield, 1878-80, and of Malvern College 1880-85. He was rector of Sutton, Surrey (1885), Denton, Norfolk (1885-91), and Kibworth-Beauchamp, Leicestershire (1891-1901), as well as rural dean of Gartree, diocese of Peterborough (1892-1902). Since 1901 he has been rector of Ewelme, Oxfordshire, and was honorary canon of Peterborough Cathedral in 1897-1903, of which he has been residentiary canon since 1903, being also appointed proctor in convocation for the clergy of the diocese of Peterborough in 1900-05 and examining chaplain to the bishop of Peterborough in 1900. He has written A History of Roman Literature (London, 1877); Specimens of Roman Literature (1879; in collaboration with P. Banton); Literary History of Early

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and father of Seba (South Arabia), Havilah (North east Arabia), Sabta (as yet unlocated, though claimed for Arabia by Glaser, Skizze, ii. 252, Berlin, 1890), Ramah (Regina on the Persian Gulf, cf. Ptolemy, Geographike, vi. 7, 14; the Septuagint reads Regchma, Regma, and in Ezek. xxvii. 22 Rama or Ragma), Sabteca (still unlocated), and Nimrod (Babylonia and Assyria). Apart therefore from Egypt (Mizraim, which may be an error for Mizri), the entire aspect of Cush in the passage is eastward of the Red Sea, and Ethiopia in Africa is out of the question. Consequently either the Arabian or the Elamitic Cush is indicated, while the weight of authority is inclining toward the latter. Zeph. ii. 12, iii. 10 receive new light and relief by seeing in Cush the Elamitic region. The passages deal with the oppressors of the Hebrews during the Assyrian age, when Egypt had not been active in Palestine. Moreover, in ii. 13 Assyria and Nineveh are mentioned as in the north.

On the fourth class of passages dogmatism is unbecoming. While Winckler sees the Arabian Cush in Pa. lxxxvii. 4 and Isa. xx. 2-5, in the latter passage reading Mizri for Mizraim, the case is not altogether clear. In Isa. xi. 11 for "Pathros" the Septuagint reads "Babylonia." In that case Cush stands altogether in an eastern environment be tween Elam and Babylonia, the location of the Kasshites. In the Masoretic text Cush is placed between Pathros (perhaps the region immediately east of Egypt) and Elam, which would suggest the Arabian Cush. But, on the other hand, Mizraim may be an error for Mizri. The arrangement of the names in the passages is not such as to afford a basis for conclusive reasoning, except that Ethi opia in Africa can hardly be meant. On Ezek. xxxviii. 5 no pronouncement can be delivered, for the text is undoubtedly corrupt.

Cush is also the name of an individual mentioned in the superscription of Pa. vii., and Cush occurs as the name of two individuals: an ancestor of Jehudi, Jer. xxxvi. 14, and the father of Zephaniah, Zeph. i. 1.

GEO. W. GILMORE.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: E. Glaser, Skizze und Geschichte und Geographie Arabiens, ii. 326 sqq.; H. Winekler, Altlestamenh liche Untersuchungen, pp. 146 sqq., Berlin, 1892; idem, Altorientalische Forachungen, vols. ii., iv., vii., ib. 1894 1398; A. H. Sayae, " Higher Criticism " and the Monu ments, London, 1894; Schrader, RAT, pp. 69, 71, 91, 94, 137, especially 144-148, 172, Berlin, 1902.