Carmelites

419

inspired with an asceticism and a devotion hitherto unknown to it. In 1593 the Discalced Carmelites had their own general, and by 1600 they were so numerous that it became necessary to divide them into the two congregations of Spain and of Italy, or St. Elise, the latter including all provinces except Spain. Henceforth there were four Carmelite generals: the general of the Observantines, of the independent congregation of Mantua, and of the two congregations of the Diacalced Carmelites.

4. Controversies with Other Orders.

By the middle of the seventeenth century the Carmelites had reached their zenith. At this period, however, they became involved in controversies with other orders, particularly with the Jesuits. The special objects of attack were the traditional origin of the Carmelites and the source of their scapular. The Sorbonne, represented by Jean Launoy, joined the Jesuits in their polemics against the Carmelites. Papebroch, the Bollandist editor of the Acta Sanctorum, was answered by the Carmelite Sebastian of St. Paul, who made such serious charges against the orthodoxy of his opponent's writings that the very existence of the Bollandists was threatened. The peril was averted, however, and in 1696 a decree of Rocaberti, archbishop of Valencia and inquisitor-general of the holy office, forbade all further controversies between the Carmelites and Jesuits. Two years later, on Nov. 20, 1698, Innocent XII. issued a brief which definitely ended the controversy on pain of excommunication, and placed all writings in violation of the brief upon the Index.

5. Present Status.

The French Revolution and the sequestration of monasteries in southern Europe were heavy blows to the Carmelites. At the present time there are five provinces of Calced Carmelites (Rome, Malta, Iceland, England, and Galicia) and eight of Discalced (Rome, Genoa, Lombardy, Venice, Tuscany, Pied mont, Aquitaine, and Avignon), in addition to a number of isolated cloisters and priories of both Calced and Discalced Carmelites in various countries.

(O. ZOCKLER.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: For sources consult: ASB for Mar. 8 and 29, and Apr. 8; D. Papebroch, Responsio ad e2 poeitionem errorum per Sebaatianum a S Paulo esulgatam, 3 vole., Antwerp, 1898-99; Chroniquea de l'ordre den Carv mElitea de la Rlforrna de Ste. Thlrpse . . en France, 6 vole., Troyes, 1848-85, send series, 4 vole., Poitiers, 1888-89. Consult further: Heimbucher, Orden and Kon grspationen, ii. 1-32; Helyot, Ordrea monastiquea, i. 282 399; H. E. Manning, Life of St. Teresa, London, 1885; H. J. Coleridge, Life and Letters of St. Teresa, 3 vole., ib. 1881-88; F. H. Reueoh, Index der roerboterun Bficher, ii. 287-278, b20-521, 891, Bonn, 1885; H. H. Koch, Die Karmelitenkl6ater der niederdeutacheia Provint, Freiburg, 1889; C. W. Carrier, Carmel in America, Baltimore, 1890; idem. Religious Orders, pp. 284-304; L. A. Is Moyne de la Borderie, Hiefoirs des Carmes en Bretagne, Rennes' 1898; J. P. Ruche, Carmel in Ireland: Narrative of the Irish Province of Carmelites, London, 1897; B. Zimmer� mane. Carmel in England. Hint. of the Enp. Mission of the Carmelites, IB16-IB,�8, London, 1899; Life of St. John of the Cross, tranal. and ed. by David Lewis. London, 1897.