D.D., 1630); took orders about 1616 and distinguished himself in Yorkshire, where he received several appointments. In 1633 he went to Ireland as chaplain to Wentworth (afterward Earl of Strafford); became archdeacon of Meath, and, in 1634, bishop of Derry. He did much to increase the revenues of the Irish Church, and tried to establish episcopacy more firmly. Most of the time from the Irish insurrection of 1641 till the Restoration he spent on the Continent, was made archbishop of Armagh in 1661, arid as such displayed a commendable moderation in striving to secure conformity. His works were collected by John Vesey, archbishop of Tuam, and published at Dublin in 1677; they include five treatises against Romaniats, three against sectaries, three against Hobbes, and seven miscellaneous, in defense of royalist and Anglican views. The works are reprinted in the Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology (5 vols., Oxford, 1842-45) with life.

BRANDENBURG, BISHOPRIC OF: A diocese established .by Otto the Great in 948, including the territory between the Elbe on the west, the Oder on the east, and the Black Elster on the south, and taking is the Uckermark to the north. It was originally under the archiepiscopal jurisdiction of Mainz, but in 968 was transferred to that of Magdeburg. The disturbances of 983 practically annihilated it; bishops continued to be named, but they were merely titular, until the downfall of the Wends in the twelfth century and the German settlement of that region revived the bishopric. Bishop Wigers (1138-60) was the first of a series of bishops of the Premonatratenaian order; which chose the occupants of the see until 1447; in that year a bull of Nicholas V gave the right of nomination to the elector of Brandenburg, with whom the bishops stood in a close feudal relation. The last actual bishop was Matthias von Jagow (d. 1544), who took the aide of the Reformation, married, and in every way furthered the undertakings of Elector Joachim II (q.v.). There were two more nominal bishops, but on the petition of the latter of these, the electoral prince John George, the secularization of the bishopric was undertaken and finally accomplished, in spite of legal proceedings to have the bishopric declared immediately dependent on the empire and so to preserve it, which dragged on into the seventeenth century.

BRANDENBURG, CONFESSIONS or CONFESSIONS OF THE MARK (Confessioneamarchicee, i.e., Brennoburgenses): The confessions of the mark Brandenburg during the Reformation. They are three in number: (1) the Confession prepared by order of Johann Sigismund elector of Brandenburg, 1614, which was intended to reconcile the views of Luther with those of Calvin (see Sr(11$MUND, JOHANN); (2) the Leipsic Colloquy, 1631, i.e., the declarations of the theologians who took part in the Colloquy of Leipsic (q.v.),1631; (3) the Declaration of Thorn, 1645 (see THORN, CoN1EftENCE OF).

BRAftDES, br8n'dez, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH: German Reformed; b. at Salzuflen (48 m. sw. of Hanover) Apr. 25, 1825. Educated at the University of Berlin, he was successively second preacher and rector at Salzuflen from 1853 to 1856, and pastor at GSttingen from 1856 to 1901. Since the latter year he has been court-preacher at Biickeburg. Among his numerous writings those of theological interest are: Wir werden leben, Geaprache fiber Unsterblichkeit (Gbttingen, 1858); John Knox, der Reformator 6chottlGnds (Elberfeld, 1862); Katechismus der christliehen Lehre (Gottingen, 1865); Verfassung der Kirche nach evangelischen Grundsatzen (2 vole., Elberfeld, 1867); Zur Wiedervereinigung der beiden ea;angelischen Kirchen (Gottingen, 1868); Des Apostel Paulus Sendsehreiben an die Galater (Wiesbaden, 1869); Geschichte der kirchlichen Polizei des Houses Brandenburg (2 vole., Goths, 1872-73); Blieke in das Seelenlebert des Hewn (Giitensloh, 1888); Unser He" Christus. i, Seine Person (1901); and Eini gungen der evangelischera Kirehen sin Befehl des Herrn (Berlin, 1902).

BRANDT, WILHELM: Dutch Protestant; b. at Amsterdam July 22, 1855. He was educated for the ministry of the Dutch Reformed Church and was a pastor until 1891, when he went to Berlin, where he resided for two years. Since 1893 he hoe been professor of New Testament exegesis and the history of religions at the University of Amsterdam. In theology lie belongs to the hiatorico-critical school, and has written Die mditdkische Religion (Leipsie, 1889); Manaldische Schri/ten (G6ttingen, 1893); and Die evangelische Geschichte und der Ursprung des Chriatenthums (Leipsic, 1893).

BRA", HENRY ATHANASIUS: Roman Catholic; b. at Parkatown (27 m: s.w. of Drogheda), County Meath, Ireland, Aug. 15, 1837. He came to the United States at the age of ten, and was educated at St. Mary's College, Wilmington, Del., St. Francis Xavier's College, New York City (B.A., 1857), St. Sulpice, Paris (18570), and the American College, Rome (D.D., 1862). He was ordained to the priesthood at Rome in 1862, being the first priest of the American College, and from 1862 to 1864 was vice-president of Seton Hall College, South Orange, N. J., where he also taught theology. Four years later he became director of au ecclesiastical seminary at Wheeling, W. Va., where he remained until 1870, when he was appointed rector of St. Elizabeth's Church, Fort Washington, N. 1'. Twenty years later he became rector of St. Agness Church, New York City, where he still remains. He is archdiocesan censor of books and has written Curious Questions (Newark, N. J., 1867);

Truth and Error (New York, 1871); Essay on the Popes (1875); The Age of Unreason (1881); The j,,

BAN, MARCUS: German Jewish historian; b. at Rawitach (G4 m. s. of Posen) July 9, 1849. He was educated at the University of Breslau (Ph.D., 1873) and the rabbinical seminary in the same city, from which he was graduated in 1875. He was

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