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OF
Editor-in-Chief
SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.
Editor-in-Chief
of
Supplementary Volumes
LEFFERTS A. LOETSCHER, Ph.D., D.D.
Associate Professor of Church History
Princeton Theological Seminary
BAKER BOOK HOUSE
GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN
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OF
RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE
EMBRACING
BIBLICAL, HISTORICAL, DOCTRINAL, AND PRACTICAL THEOLOGY
AND BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL, AND ECCLESIASTICAL
BIOGRAPHY FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES
TO THE PRESENT DAY
Based on the Third Edition of the Realencyklopadie
Founded by J. J. Herzog, and Edited by Albert Hauck
PREPARED BY MORE THAN SIX HUNDRED SCHOLARS AND SPECIALISTS
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.
(Editor-in-Chief )
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
CHARLES COLEBROOK SHERMAN
AND
GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.
(Associate Editors)
AND THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT EDITORS
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CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D. (Department of Systematic Theology) HENRY KING CAR ROLL, LL.D. (Department of Minor Denominations) JOHN THOMAS CREAGH, D.D. (Department of Liturgics and Religios Orders) (VOL. I.) JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D. (Department of Liturgics and Religious Orders) (VOLS. II. TO XII.) |
JAMES FREDERIC M.CURDY, PH.D., LL.D.
(Department of the Old Testament) HENRY SYLVESTER ,HASH, D.D. (Department of the New Testament) ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN. D.D., LL.D. (Department of Church History) FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A. (Department of Pronunciation and Typography) |
VOLUME I
AACHEN-BASILIANS
BAKER BOOK HOUSE
GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN
1951
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EXCLUSIVE AMERICAN PUBLICATION RIGHTS
SECURED BY BAKER BOOK HOUSE FROM FUNK AND WAGNALLS
1949
LITHOPRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
CUSHING-MALLOY, INC., ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN
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SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON,.D.D., LL.D.
(Editor-in-Chief.)
Professor of Church History, New York University.
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
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CHARLES COLEBROOK SHERMAN Editor in Biblical Criticism and Theology on "The New Inter- national Encyclopedia," New York. |
GEORGE WILLLAM GILMORE, M.A. New York, Formerly Professor of Biblical History and Lecturer on Comparative Religion, Bangor Theological Seminary. |
DEPARTMENT EDITORS, VOLUME I
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CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D. (Department of Systematic Theology.) Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Seminary. HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D. (Department of Minor Denominations.) One of the Corresponding Secretaries of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church, New York. JOHN THOMAS CREAGH, D.D. (Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders.) Professor of Canon Law, Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C. HUBERT EVANS, Ph.D. (Office Editor.) Member of the Editorial Staf of the Encyclopeadia Britannica, Company, New York City. |
JAMES FREDERICK McCURDY, Ph.D., LL.D. (Department of the Old Testament.) Professor of Oriental Languages, University College, Toronto. HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D. (Department of the New Testament.)
Professor of the Literature and Interpretation of the New Tes- tament, Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass. ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D. (Department of Church History.) Professor of Church History, Baylor Theological Seminary (Baylor University), Waco, Tex. FRANK HORACE VIZRETELLY, F.S.A (Departmcnt of Pronunciation and Typography.) Managing Editor of the Standard Dictionary, etc., New York City. |
CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS, VOLUME I
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HANS ACHELIS, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Halle. SAMUEL JAMES ANDREWS (†), Late Pastor of the Catholic Apostolic Church, Hartford, Conn. CARL FRANKLIN ARNOLD, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, Evange;ocal Theological Faculty, University of Breslau. CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D., Professor Of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Semi- nary. KARL BENRATH, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Kõnigsberg. IMMANUEL GUSTAV ADOLF BENZIN GER, Ph.D., Th.Lic., Formerly Privatdocent in Old Testament Theology, University of Berlin. Member of the Executive Committee of the German Society for the Exploration of Palestine, Jerusalem. |
CARL BERTHEAU, Th.D., Pastor of St. Michael's Church and President of the Society for the Inner Mission, Hamburg. EDWIN MBNSELL BLISS, D.D., Editor of the Encyclopedia of Miesions, etc., Washington, D. C. EDUARD BOEHMER (†), Ph.D., Th.D., Formerly Professor of Romance Languages. Universities of Halle and Strasburg. AMY GASTON BONET-MAURY, D.D., LL.D, Professor of Church History, Independent School of Divinity, Paris. GOTTLIEB NATHANAEL BONWETSCH, Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Gõttingen. FRIEDRICH BOSSE, Ph.D., Th.Lic., Professor of the New Testament and Church History, University of Greifswald. GUSTAV BOSSERT, Ph.D., Th.D., Formerly Pastor at Nabery near Kirchheim, Würitemberg. |
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CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS, VOLUME 1
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JOHANN FRANZ WILHELM BOUSSET, Th.D., Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Göttingen. |
JOHANNES FICKER, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, Evangelical Theological Faculty, University of Strasburg. |
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JOHANNES FRIEDRICH THEODOR BRIEGER, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Leipsic. |
THEODOR FORESTER (†), Th.D., Late Professor of Church History, University of Halle. |
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CHARLES AUGUSTUS BRIGGS, D.D., D.Litt. (Oxon.), Professor of Theological Encyclopedia and Symbolics, Union Theological Seminary, New York. |
NORMAN FOX (t), D.D., Late Baptist Clergyman and Author, Morristown. N. J. |
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CARL VON BUCHRUCKER, (†), Th.D., Late Supreme Consistorial Councilor, Munich. |
ALBERT FREYBE, Ph.D., Th.D., Gymnasial Professor, Parchim, Mecklenburg. |
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FRANTS PEDER WILLIAM BUHL, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Oriental Languages, University of Copenhagen. |
EMIL ALBERT FRIEDBERG, Dr.Jur., Professor of Ecclesiastical, Public, and German Law, Univer- sity of Leipsic. |
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WALTER CASPARI, Ph.D., Th.Lic., University Preacher and Professor of Practical Theology, Pedagogics, and Didactics, University of Erlangen. |
HEINRICH GELZER (t), Ph.D. Late Professor of Classical Philology and Ancient History, Uni- versity of Jena. |
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ALEXIS IRENEE DU PONT COLEMAN, M.A. Instructor of English. College of the City of New York. |
GEORGE WILLIAIM GILMORE, M.A., Formerly Lecturer on comparative Religion, Bangor Theo- logical Seminary. |
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JOHN THOMAS CREAGH, D.D., Professor of Canon Law, Catholic University of America, Washington. D. C. |
WALTER GOETZ, Ph.D., Professor of History, University of Tubingen. |
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AUGUST HERMANN CREMER (†), Th.D., Late Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Greifswald. |
WILHELM GOETZ, Ph.D., Honorary Professor of Geography, Technical School, and Pro- fessor, Military Academy. Munich. |
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GUSTAF HERMAN DALMAN, Ph.D.,Th.D., Professor of Old Testament Exegesis. University of Lalpsic, and President of the German Evangelical Archeo- logical Institute, Jerusalem. |
JOHANNES FRIEDRICH GOTTSCHICK (†), Th.D., Late Professor of New Testament Exegesis, Ethics, and Prac- tical Theology, Evangelical Theological Faculty, University of Tübingen. |
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SAMUEL MARTIN DEUTSCH, Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Berlin. |
HERMANN GUTHE, Th.D., Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Leipsic. |
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FRANZ WILHELH DIBELIUS, Ph.D., Th.D., Supreme Consistorial Councilor, City Superintendent, and Pastor of the Church of the Cross, Dresden. |
HEINRICH HAHN, Ph.D., Formerly Professor of History and German in the Luisenstadt Real-Gymnasium, Berlin. |
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PAUL GOTTFRIED DREWS, Th.D., Professor of Practical Theology, University of Giessen. |
ADOLF HARNACK, Ph.D., M.D., Dr.Jur., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Berlin, and Gen- eral Director of the Royal Library, Berlin. |
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WILHELIM DREXLER, Ph.D., Librarian, University of Greifswald. |
ALBERT HAUCK, Ph.D., Dr.Jur., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Leipsic; Editor of the Realencyklopatdic, Founded by J. J. Herzog. |
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HEINRICH DUNCKER (†), Th.D., Late Consistorial Councilor. Dessan. |
HERMAN HAUPT, Ph.D., Professor, and Director of the University Library, Glessen. |
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HENRY OTIS DWIGHT, LL.D., Recording Secretary of the American Bible Society, New York. |
RICHARD HAUSMANN, Hist.D., Formerly Professor of History, Dorpat, Russia. |
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DAVID ERDMANN (†), Th.D., Formerly General Superintendent and Honorary Professor of Church History, Evangelical Theological Faculty, University of Brealau. |
JOHANNES HAUSSLEITER, Ph.D., Th.D., Consistorial Councilor, Professor of New Testament Theology and Exegesis, University of Greifswald. |
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HERMANN AUGUST PAUL EWALD, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Dogmatics and New Testament Exegesis, Uni- versity of Eriangen. |
CARL FRIEDRICH GEORG HEINRICI, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Leipsic. |
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PAUL FEINE, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Berlin. |
MAX HEROLD, Th.D., Dean, Neustadt-on-the-Alech, Davaris, Editor of Biona |
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BARB FERRKE, Writer on Art and Architecture, New York City. |
PAUL HINSCHIUS, (†), Dr.Jur., Late Professor of Ecclesiastical Law, University of Berlin. |
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CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS, VOLUME I
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HERMANN WILHELM HEINRICH HOELSCHER, Th.D., Pastor of the Church of St. Nicholas. Leipsic, Editor of the Allge- meine evangelisch-lutherische Kirchenseitung and of the Theologisches Literaturblatt. RUDOLF HUGO HOFMANN, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Homiletics and Liturgies, University of Leipsic. ALFRED JEREMIAS, Ph.D., Th.Lic., Pastor of the LutherChurch and Privat-docent for the History of Religion and the Old Testament in the University, Leipsic. FRIEDRICH WILHELM FERDINAND KATTENBUSCH, Th.D., Professor of Dogmatics, University of Halle. PETER GUSTAV KAWERAU, Th.D., Consistorial Councilor, University Preacher, and Professor of Practical Theology, Evangelical Theological Faculty, University of Breslau. HANS KESSLER, Th.D., Supreme Consistorial Councilor, Berlin. RUDOLF KITTEL, Ph.D., Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Leipsic. HEINRICH AUGUST KLOSTERMANN, Th.D., Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Kiel. AUGUST KOEHLER (†), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Erian- gen. FRIEDRICH EDUARD KOENIG, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, Evangelical Theological Faculty, University of Bonn. THEODOR FRIEDRICH HERMANN KOLDE, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Eriangen. HERMANN GUSTAV EDUARD KRUE- GER, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Giessen. JOHANNES WILHELM KUNZE, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Systematic and Practical Theology, University of Greifswald. EARL LUDWIG LEIMRACH (†), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Provincial Councilor for Schools, Hanover. LUDWIG LEMME, Th.D., Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Heidelberg. EDUARD LEMMP, Ph.D., Chief Inspector of the Royal Orphan Asylum, Stuttgart. FRIEDRICH LEZIUS, Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Königeberg. BRUNO LINDNER, Ph.D., Professor of Aryan Languages. University of Leipsic. |
FRIEDRICH LIST (†), Ph.D., Late Studiendirektor, Munich. GEORG LOESCHE, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, Evangelical Theological Faculty, Vienna. FRIEDRICH ARMIN LOOFS, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Halle. WILHELM LOTZ, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Erlangen. ANDERS HEREZAN LVNDSTROEM, Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Upeala, Sweden. JAMES FREDERICK MCCURDY, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Oriental Languages, University College, Toronto. GEORGE DUNCAN MATHEWS, D.D., Secretary of the Alliance of the Reformed Churches, London. PHILIPP MEYER, Th.D., Supreme Consistorial Councilor, Member of the Royal Consistory, Hanover. CARL THEODOR MIRBT, Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Marburg. ERNST FRIEDRICH KARL MUELLER, Th.D., Professor of Reformed Theology, University of Erlangen. GEORG MUELLER, Ph.D., Th.D., Councilor for Schools, Leipsic. NIKOLAUS SELLER, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Christian Archeology, University of Berlin. HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D., Professor of the Literature and Interpretation of the New Testament, Episcopal Theological School. Cambridge, Mass. CHRISTOF EBERHARD NESTLE, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor in the Theological Seminary (Teacher of Hebrew, New Testament Greek, and Religion), Maulbronn, Württenberg. CARL NEUMANN, Ph.D., Professor of the History of Art, University of Kiel. ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Church History, Baylor Theological Seminary (Baylor University), Waco, Texas. JULIUS NEY, Th.D., Supreme Consistorial Councilor, Speyer, Bavaria. FREDERIK CHRISTIAN NIELSEN (†), Th.D., Late Bishop of Aalborg, Denmark. HANS CONRAD VON ORELLI, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Old Testament Exegesis and History of Religion, University of Basel. CHARLES PFENDER Pastor of the Evangelical Lutheran Obnrch, Parish of St. Paul, Paris. WILLIAM HENRY PHELEY, Ph.D., General Secretary of the Brotherhood of Andrew and Philip, Philadelphia. |
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BERNHARD PICK, Ph.D., D.D., Pastor of the First German Evangelical Lutheran St. John's Church, Newark, N. J. WILLIAM PRICE, Formerly Instructor in French, Yale College and Sheffield Sci- entific School, New Haven. Conn. TRAUGOTT OTTO RADLACH, Pastor at Gatersleben, Prussian Saxony. GEORG CHRISTIAN RIETSCHEL, Th.D., University Preacher and Professor of Practical Theology. Uni- versity of Leipsic. HENDRIK CORNELIS ROGGE (†), Th.D., Late Professor of History, University of Amsterdam. HUGO SACHSSE, Ph.D., Th.Lic., Dr.Jur., Professor of Ecclesiastical Law, University of Rostock. KARL RUDOLF SAHRE, Professor for Religious Instruction and Hebrew, Holy Cross Gymnasium, Dresden. DAVID SCHLEY SCHAFF, D.D., Professor of Church History, Western Theological Seminary, Allegheny, Pa. PHILIP SCHAFF (†), D.D., LL.D., Late Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary, New York. KARL SCHMIDT, Th.D., Pastor at Goldberg, Mecklenburg. EMIL SCHUERER, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Göttingen. VICTOR SCHULTZE, Th.D., Professor of Church History and Christian Archeology. Univer- sity of Greifswald. LUDWIG THEODOR SCHULZE, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Systematic Theology. University of Rostock. REINHOLD SEEBERG, Th.D., Professor of Systematic Theology. University of Berlin. |
EMIL SEHLING, Dr.Jur., Professor of Ecclesiastical and Commercial Law, University of Erlangen. FRIEDRICH ANTON EMIL SIEFFERT Ph.D., Professor of Dogmatiacs and New Testament Exegesis. Evan- gelical Theological Faculty, University of Bonn. RUDOLF STAEHELIN (†), Th.D., Late Professor of Church History, University of Basel. GEORG STEINDORFF, Ph.D., Professor of Egyptology, University of Leipsic. EMIL ELIAS STEINMEYER, Ph.D., Privy Councilor, Professor of the German Ianguage and Lit- erature, University of Erlangen. ALFRED STOECKIUS, Ph.D., Astor Library, New York City. PAUL TSCHACKERT, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Gottingen. WILHELM VOLCK (†), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Ros- tock. BENJAMIN BRECKINRIDGE WARFIELD, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Didactic and Polemical Theology, Princeton Theo- logical Seminary. JOHANNES WEISS, Th.D., Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Marburg. AUGUST WILHELM ERNST WERNER, Th.D., Pastor Primarius, Guben. Prussia. EDUARD VON WOELFFLIN, Ph.D., Professor of Classical Philology, University of Munich. THEODOR ZAHN, Th.D., Litt.D., Professor of New Testament Exegesis and Introduction, Uni- versity of Erlangen. OTTO ZOECKLER (†), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Professor of Church History and Apologetics, University of Greifswald. |
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